Pacific oil company Essay Example for Free

peace-loving oil company EssayThe Pacific Oil Company went into dialogs with Reliant Manufacturing, and its goal was to sign a more long-term agreement. Pacific assumed that the new contract would be signed with no major hurdles or objectives, and that the dominant point of negotiation would be price. Jean Fontaine, who is the selling vice president for Pacific Oil, went into a negotiation process with Reliant. Jean started the process several years before Reliant Manufacturings contract was up, hoping to discombobulate her competition to the lower price offers and leave with a contract extension of 5 years. Unfortunately, Jean did not properly research her clients unavoidably or adequately project what the outcome might be. Because of this, Pacific Oil Company was not prepared to address the concerns and requests that Reliant brought up during the negotiation. Though twain parties wanted to move quickly toward signing a contract, Pacific Oil Company elongated this process because it did not have a thorough negotiation strategy that included a contingency plan or best alternatives.Pacific oil also neglected to draw out its best alternatives or bottom line in advance. Staying on the Same Page in Business Negotiations Pacific believed that other elements of the contract might be discussed, but that no dramatic changes would be expected. Because of Pacifics lack of strategic planning, they wasted valuable time, money, emotional stress and energy. They also risked losing other opportunities that could have been more lucky for them. Adding to the problem was Pacifics assumption that Reliant would sign a new contract quickly.Because of the time and money spent on traveling and negotiating certify and forth, and the potential need for new technology development, which would be based on the contracts outcome, Pacific Oil Company became increasingly desperate to descend a contract with Reliant. As a result, Reliant obtained the advantage needed to make more demands during negotiations. Additionally, Reliant was aware of Pacific Oils colony on its business, and took full advantage of these opportunities.

Importance of Quality and Quality Management

Importance of fiber and theatrical role ManagementNEED OF musical noteIn todays competitive earthly concern producing world class returns. In ready to survive in the competitive world market producing different product with scoop techniques, it is important for the firms to take tautological mileage to the timberland of product and service they render. In the recent world consumer ar aw be of the products and service provided by the other firms. Also today on that point atomic number 18 government empahasis on the character issues of the products. So firms give extra emphasis on persona and productivity. Total tint oversight is an attempt in this direction. In other words it is an effort to take the advantage of competitive market by focusing on the organisational deeds which is important for the clients, by providing customers best product and services using new manufacturing techniques.Definition of prime(a)The totality of features and characteristics of a produ ct or service that bear on its ability to punish tell or implied needsQuality is the extent to which products and services satisfy the destiny of internal and external customersSo the Quality Management is the leadership, infrastructure and the resources that mount employees as they meet the needs of those customers.A tonicity product or service is one that satisfies the customer. Usually there are two types of products quality1) Quality of designQuality of design measure the functionality of a product or services. It is the decision of designer to include or exclude certain take features. The customer really measures quality through appearance, operation and reliability.2) Quality of performanceQuality of performance measures how products and services match the intent of the design. This characteristic traditionally has been the focus of a quality heed program. In this regard, quality refers to doing it slump at first time.APPROACHES TO QUALITYThere are 2 approaches to qual ityTRADITIONAL APPROACH traditionalistic approach to quality uses an acceptable quality level that permits a certain level of defects to a product produced and sold. The AQL is where level of defects are allowed to minimize the total quality bell. Traditional approach believes that the defects testament payoff the failure monetary value and prevention and appraising cost. As prevention and appraisal cost increase, the internal and external cost are expected to decrease. As long the failure cost are greater than the corresponding increase in prevention and appraisal cost it is acceptable.THE advanced(a) APPROACH ultramodern approach is to GET IT RIGHT FIRST TIME. It believes in total quality control and view the best quality cost with correct defects are produce. For firms operating in the advanced manufacturing environment quality is a critical dimension. Quality cost throw out be managed differently then implied by the traditional AQL model. Defects stinker be reduced below the AQL level and quality cost can be reduced simultaneouslyTHE COST OF QUALITY merchandise shares of many firms have eroded be constitute of the firms using high quality products have been able to sell mare than the products of lower price. In determine to compete in the market, firms have placed quality prior to the price. Firms have placed emphasis on quality and productivity in order toProduce saving much(prenominal) as reducing rework cost andImprove product quality.Cost of quality is the cost due to poor quality which exist in the product. Quality cost are the cost incurred byinvesting in the prevention of non-conformance to requirementappraising a product or service for conformance to requirementFailing to meet requirement.Cost of quality are classified into three categoriesPrevention costPrevention costs are those cost incurred to prevent defects. standard dog-tired on the quality develop program, research to determine the customer requirement and improve production equ ipment are the prevention cost. judgement costAppraisal cost are the cost associated with measuring, evaluating and auditing product or services to assure conformance to quality standards and performance requirement. These cost includes the cost of revaluation of product acquire in process or in final or service audits ie the costs associate with products supplies and materialsFailure costFailure cost are cost resulting from products or services not fulfilling the requirements of the users need. Failure costs can be either internal or external.Internal costs are the cost occurring prior to delivery of products or furnishing the services. Example cost of gainsaye, rework, re revaluation, retesting, material review and down grading.External costs are the cost occurring after the delivery of product or during furnish services to the customer. Example processing customer complains, returns, warranty claims and product reclaim.Total quality managementtotal Quality Management is a glob al customer orientated management philosophy, which grokes all actions, values and beliefs of an organisation which aims to continuously improves and maintain quality standards. It is a systematic approach to education, management and operation designed to focus and co-ordinate the efforts of all employees in an organisation.TQM is back up by two key beliefs that quality is what the customers say it is and that mustiness be thoroughly unified into the fabric of the organisation including its basic strategies, culture and management systems. It is an essential pursuit for total quality. It is zero defect approach. It emphasises the top level of quality where zero speculative goods are produced. This approach opposes the traditional belief of acceptable quality level which accepts to produce and sell predetermined defective units. This approach allows some defects in order to minimize the total quality cost.Studies indicate that cost of poor quality is 20%for the manufacturing an d 30% service industries of the gross sale. Quality expert maintain that the optimal quality level should be about 2.5% of sales. The accounting dept is the major force in the firm that keep track of and report on qualityPRINCIPLES OF complete QUALITY MANAGEMENTMaking the product right first time is the main objective of total quality management. Successful implementation of TQM program go out reduce cost than increasing it. It is obvious that better quality will increase productivity. This principal is based on the principle that when less time is spent on repairs and rework and more time is given on manufacturing will increase productivity.When an organisation keep the accurate records of cost of quality tqm will denominate that effective total quality measure cost will payoff the cost of repair and rework. Elimination of high reject rate results in fewer repairs, rework or scraps resulting in reduction in cost. Comparing the cost of quality with tqm is necessary for the manag ement who are cost conscious in both industry and government. Management will measure the success of tqm on the basis of cost data. Successful implementation of tqm can eliminate the following costsRework or repairsInspection of reworkTesting of reworkWarranty costReturned materialsDiscounts adjustment and allowancesThe cost of prevention in tqm is far lower than the supra failure costs.FEATURES OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENTA systematic way to improve the product and servicesA structured approach in identifying and closure problemA long term method of quality controlA process support by managements actionA process that is supported by statistical quality controlA technique practice by everyone.ELEMENTS OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENTA focus on the customers- any(prenominal) functional unit has customers whether they are external customer or internal units. tqm advocates that the managers and employee are so customer focus that they always try to meet or exceed customers apprehensions. T he management must accept concept that quality gets customer orders and meet the customers needs and expectations which is the stretagic determination of tqmLong term commitmentsExperience shows that significant gains start only after management hastens long time commitment to improve quality. Customer focus must be constantly renewed to keep that goal foremost.Top management support and directionThe top management must be driving force behind tqm. Senior manager must show their personal support by using the quality improvement concept in their management style and providing financial and staff support.Employee involvementFull employee fri devastationship is the integral part of this process. Every employee must participate in achieving this goal. It involves managers, supervisors and employees in improving service delivery, solving systematic problems and correcting errors in the all the parts of production process.Effective and Renewed Communications.The power of internal comm unication is central to employee involvement. Regular communication must be made at all levels in order to adjust its way of involvement and reinforce the commitment to total quality management.Reliance on standards and MeasuresStandard and measures should reflect customers requirement and changes that needs to be introduced in the internal business of providing this requirement. This emphasis doing the right thing right the first time.Commitment to TrainingTraining is very important for the success of total quality management. This should start for the top level management to all associated with this task. Areas required for concentration must be identified. Required trainings skills and courses need to be provided to the person involved in.Modern approach to quality are associated with a number of GURUS. The modern approach to quality is reflected in the following quality gurus. The modern era of quality was presage by the following gurus.W. EDWARDS DEMINGW. Edwards Deming, in l ike manner cognize as father of quality control in 1951. He was an American statistician, professor, author, lecturer and consultant. He is well known for improving quality production in America though he was recognised for his work more in Japan. After World War II he travelled to Japan at the request of Japanese government to assist its industries in improving productivity and quality. He taught that by adopting appropriate principles of management, musical arrangement can increase quality and reduce cost at the same time. His basic premise was that high quality is equal to lower cost. If you get it right first time then there are minimum prevention, detection remaking cost. His philosophy is summarised in his 14 key principles.Create a culture of constancy of purpose towards improving of product and services. ie replace short reaction with long term planning.Adopt the new philosophy. ie the implication is that management should adopt the philosophy instead of expecting the work force to do so.Cease dependence on inspection if variation is reduced there is no need of inspection of item for defects.Reduced number of suppliers to a manageable quality. Award supply contracts on the basis of conformance than low cost. Also specify the quality expectation from them.Set up programs for continuous improvement of costs, designs, processes, products, culture, etcInstitute continuous training programs to maximise the contri aloneion of each employee. If employee are inadequately trained there will be no uniformity in the work process leading to variations.Establish leadership. It means focus supervision on helping employees. Encouraging them to do a better job and take pribe in their work.Eliminate fear from the work place by encouraging communication. Fear may prevent them performing to best for the organisation.Break down barrier between departments by encouraging team work.Eliminate slogans- Another central idea of TQM is it is not people who make the mistake it is the process they are involved in. Harassing the workforce without improving the process will have a reverse effect.Eradicate management by targets. The quantitative target may also lead to production and delivery of poor quality goods.Remove barriers to pride of workmanship.Institute education and self improvement of training in new and appropriate technologiesDefining clearly the transformation is everyones job.Though some of the principles were challenged they remain vital for the concept of quality management.PHILIP B. CROSBYPHILIP B. CROSBY contri preciselyed to the concept of quality in 1979. He is widely recognised for promoting the concept of Zero defects and for defining quality as conformance to requirement. He initiate the Zero Defect program at the Martine Company Orlando, Florida Plant. As quality control manager the perishing missile program, he was credited for 25% reduction of cost and 30% reduction in scrap cost. He stated that the management must include cost o f quality as part of financial system.Crosby defines quality as conformance to requirement. He stated that what cost money are the unquality thing. Quality is free when organisation emphasis on prevention of mistakes than to detection. Mistakes are caused either because of lose of knowledge or lack of attention. The first can be identified and corrected while the second is the attitude which can be changed by the individual. To achieve this Crosby listed the 14 steps to quality improvement.It must be made clear that management are committed to quality.Quality improvement team of senior management must be formed. try the process to measure quality to find out where the potential or current problem to quality lies.Evaluate the cost of quality to explain as a tool for management.Create awareness among employees the personal concerns for the quality.Appropriate action must be taken to correct the problems identified in the process of quality. work at of improvement must be monitored co nstantly and must make sure zero defect quality process is carried out.Trained supervisors must actively contribute out their part in quality improvement.Hold the Zero defect day to reaffirm management commitment.Individual must be encouraged to roundabout improvement goals for themselves and for their groups.Employee must be encouraged to put for the obstacle in their way to quality improvement.Appreciate the performance of the employee for their participation.Quality councils must be naturalised to communicate at regular basisThe process of quality improvement must be reviewed so that it continues and do not stops.ARMAND V. FEIGENBAUM THE PROPONENT OF TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL.ARMAND V. FEIGENBAUM proposed the theory of total quality control. He believed that high quality could be achieved only through organizational support. He also asserted that the quality must be priority and not afterthought. He emphasised on the administrative viewpoint and considered human issue as a basic issue to quality control. He stress that quality do not mean the best but best for the customers use and selling price. Quality control represents a management tool with 4 steps.Setting quality standards.Appraising conformance to thsee standardsActing when standards are exceededPlanning for improvement in the standardsAccording to him quality must encompass all the phases of in manufacturing the product which includes design, manufacturing, quality check, sales, after sales services and customer satisfaction. He also put forward the way to control the higher up phases. Feigenbaums idea of modern quality concept was more management based. He recommended thatIncrease operators efficiency to enhance overall quality.Prospecting to increase quality awareness in the organisation.Involving all the employee in the quality enhancement process.He also believed that quality must not be regarded as cost reduction tool but must be taken as an administrative effort to provide channel for knowled ge integration and communication and encourage employee to participate in quality initiative. His concept is reffered to as quality at source and mean that every worker manager and authorities are responsible for performing their work with utter(a) quality. In TQC quality is more important than production rate so the worker must be given authority to stop production where quality problem arises.KAORU ISHIKAWAKAORU ISHIKAWA wanted to change the way people think about the work. He insisted that quality is not just improving product quality but also can go further. His notion of quality control called for continuous customer service. According to him quality improvement is a continuous process and can always go one step ahead.The head of the fish is the outcome desired, or effect. Contributing factors leading to this or causes are listed as boxes at the end of ribs.Each rib can then be broken down further into the specific factors.Once a plat has been completed then it can be used to select areas to be tackled and their priority order, and how they can be managed. Generating a complete diagram aids the consideration of an overall development strategy.With his cause and effect diagram also called fish bone diagram management were able to make significant and specific advancement to their quality improvement. With the help of his diagram the users can find out all possible cause of the result and find the root of process imperfection. By pinpointing the root problem this diagram provide improvement from the very base of the problem. His philosophy of total quality management can be summerised as followProduct quality is improved and becomes uniform. Defects are reduced.Reliability of goods is improved.Cost is reduced.Quantity of production is increased, and it becomes possible to make rational production schedules.Wasteful work and rework are reduced.Technique is established and improved.Expenses for inspection and testing are reduced.Contracts between vendor and vendee are rationalised.The sales market is enlarged.Better relationships are established between departments.False data and reports are reduced.Discussions are carried out more freely and democratically.Meetings are operated more smoothly.Repairs and installation of equipment and facilities are done more rationally.Human relations are improved.JOSEPH M. JURANDR.JOSEPH M,JURAN developed the quality trilogy.- quality planning , quality control and quality improvement. Good quality management requires quality actions to be planned , improved and controlled. Juran believed that quality is dependent on the customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction. His ten steps to quality areCreate awareness for the need improvement.Goals must be set for improvementWays to polish off the GoalsFacilitate trainingCarry out project to solve problemProgress must be reportedEfforts must be recognised.Results must be communicatedAchieved results must be maintainedMaintain momentumHis concept of quality did not just concentrated on the end of customer but also on internal and external customers.

Sepsis Infection Causes and Effects

Sepsis Infection Causes and EffectsSepsis proceeds 18 million people world-wide each year (Slade et al 2003). Sepsis remains life threatening and mortality rate rate remains high approximately 40-50 % (Opport et al2005). We, nurses in all firmaments of practice, pass on shell out for septic tolerants during our professional carreer.Many nurses receive little training in how to identify sepsis or how important early and aggressive treatment to help prevent the condition. I am very interested to discuss about sepsis, be stool I involve looked after many patients with sepsis. The commence of this essay is to raise awareness of sepsis, so that nurses will realize a greater understanding of this condition and feel more confident in the identification and treatment.The definition of sepsis is the presence of Systemic Inflammatory reaction Syndrome (SIRS) criteria in the patients with a new infection. Once sepsis becomes complicated by a dysfunction in adept or more organs, this defines concentrated sepsis. Bacteria cause 90% cases of sepsis. They are two types, gram negative and gram positive. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobactor, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia, Proteus and Bacteroides fragilis are the gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Alpha and beta-hemolytic streptococcus are the gram-positive bacteria (Edwards 2001). Gram-negative bacterial infection causes most cases of sepsis. Viruses or fungi can also cause sepsis, particularly Candida spp (Cohen et al 2004).The living sepsis campaign (formed in2002) is an international collaboration to improve the diagnosis, management and treatment of sepsis. The main aims of the campaign areTo increase the awareness of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock among health care cater and the public.Develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of severe sepsis.Ensure that the guidelines put into practice to create a global standard of care for patients with sep sis.Reduce the mortality from sepsis worldwide by 25 percent in the five years following the publication of evidence-based guidelines in 2004 (Dellinger et al 2004).It is essential that nurses are aware of the evidence-based guidelines as our role is crucial to the success of the campaign. Nurses are in an ideal position to identify the first signs of a patient developing sepsis, and the sooner treatment begins the little likely the condition is to spread and result in organ dysfunction or failure (Ahrens and Tuggle 2004).Infection is a major reason for patients admitted to hospitals and many patients whitethorn develop infections while in hospital (DH2003). Infection can found in any system of the body. The most common sources of infection that can dealer to sepsis areRespiratory tract community-acquired pneumonia or health care-associated pneumonia.Intra-abdominal-cavity infection might result from diverticulitis, appendicitis, perforated bowel, and ischemic or necrotic bowel. Central nervous system-such as meningitis.Genitourinary system urosepsis is an infection, which might result from an obstruction in the urinary system, or catheter related infection.Skin wound infections, cellulitis or necrotizing infections of the skin and soft tissues with quick destruction of tissue, such as necrotizing fasciitis.Intravascular Catheters any invasive catheters (central venous catheter or encircling(prenominal) canulae.Many organ systems may affect during the sepsis syndrome.Respiratory system As the effects of of sepsis progress, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur. During sepsis, there is a decrease in the performance of the ventillatory muscles, which leads to hypercapneic ventillatory failure and respiratory arrest These happens when metabolic demands on the ventillatory muscles. Tachypnoea,hypoxia and respiratory alkalosis are associated with the early onset of ARDS, followed after 48 hours by pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure ( Mortelliti Manning). Sepsis leads to an increase in lung permeability, the sequestration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and respiratory failure. These affect the function of respiratory system (Nagase, Uzumi Ishii).Cardio vascular system The dysfunction of cardio vascular system is also observed in patients with sepsis, where both the heart and cable vessels carry hypersensitivity. An increased amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and vasoactive substances is present during sepsis. Following the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, production of nitric oxide is increase in both the vascular endothelium and cool muscle. This leads to a fall in systemic vascular resistance, thereby hypotension (Patterson Webster).Renal Dysfunction Normally, the kidney regulates perfusion and glomerular filtration via autoregulation, which is dependent on the afferent and efferent arterioles. Autoregulation of the kidney, is affected during sepsis. clotting system Sepsis often associated wit h a disorder of coagulation secondary to the cytokine-mediated activation of the coagulation pathway. This secondary disorder, known as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It causes bleeding and micro vascular thrombi, both implicated in multiple organ failure and soft-tissue damage (Meijers Bouma).Diagnosis can base on the presence of fever and other ab generalities of snappy signs, as well as the presence of one or more organ dysfunctions that are not the original site of infection or psychic trauma (Ahamed). Sepsis syndrome is characterized by alteration in body temperature regulation, tachycardia, lowered systemic vascular resistance, respiratory alkalosis, leococytosis, leucopenia and some form of organ dysfunction(Chistman, Holden and Blackhell).It does not discriminate between disparate ages, underlying disease, genetic background, infecting micro-organisms or sites of infection. Sepsis can occur in people who were previously healthy. The infecting organism may be a temporary defect in the hosts defense. Defects may be located in specific or non-specific cellular barriers, humoral immunity barriers and physical barriers such as the skin or mucous membranes and reflexes such as cough and peristalsis (Maskin, Fountain and Spinedi et al).In understanding the changes that happen to the body in severe sepsis, it is helpful to remind ourselves of the changes that occur during the normal immune response. Cells damaged by infection from bacteria, viruses, chemical agents or trauma produce the same non-specific defensive response of inflammation. Regardless of the cause, inflammation has three basic phases vasodialatation and increased permeability of blood vessels emigration of phagocytes and tissue repair (Tortora and Grabowski, 2000). Vasodilatation brings more blood to the damaged area, and the increased permeability allows phagocytes and antibodies to pass out from the circulation. The clotting shower is also activated. Clot formation is part of the normal immune response, and may be the bodys attempt to confine any invading organism to one area of body (Ahrens and Vollman, 2003). This inflammatory response and activation of the clotting system is to repair damaged tissues and prevent further damage.Clinical assessment is important in patients with sepsis. any patients who triggers early warning score, should be assessed initially using the ABCDE approach. This systemic approach ensures that the life threatening problems are assessed and managed in order of importance. The Resuscitation Council 2006 also recommends that clinical staff should follow ABCDE approach when assessing and treating critically ill patients. It is sensible to adopt this systemic approach to the assessment of sepsis patient (ABC of sepsis).Airway An assessment should be made of the noticeableness of airway. If patient is alert and talking, there is less chance of an airway problem.Breathing The bodys demand for oxygen rises in sepsis. As demand outstrips supply, lactic acidosis occurs. These processes combine to organise the respiratory rate. The depth and pattern of respiratory rate should evaluate in addition to any asymmetry of chest movement. Listen for abnormal sounds include expiratory wheeze, counseling obstruction of the lower airway and crepitating suggest the secretion, pulmonary oedema or consolidation. If a respiratory problem is identified, attention should be given to oxygen therapy and to the achievable need for bronchodilators and physiotherapy. The response to therapy should be assessing repeatedly. Pulse oximetry is mandatory, and ABG and chest X-ray is helpful.Circulation Attention should pay to the colour of the skin, particularly peripherally. Pallor is suggestive of hypo perfusion and may suggest a low cardiac output. Heart sound should auscultate to seek murmur. Feel for the peripheral skin temperature. In decompensated sepsis, where the cardiac output begins to fall, the peripheries may issue co ol. Capillary refill time is useful test of perfusion. The heart rate and rhythm should asses by palpitation of peripheral pulses.Disability Sepsis can produce confusion, hullabaloo and reduced conscious level due to reduced cerebral perfusion. Fluid resuscitation can restore cerebral function. It is important to check blood sugar because hypoglycemia can also produce these signs and is readily correctable. The conscious level can quickly asses and communicate using the AVPU scale.( A-Alert,V-responds to voice,P-responds to pain,U-unresponsive).Exposure The patient should be examined from head to toe seeking the source of sepsis. Consideration should be given to the patients dignity during this assessment, and it should be recognized that exposure can cause rapid temperature loss. Therefore, it is essential to check peripheral temperature.When treating patients with sepsis, the first hour known as the golden hour because the treatment given or not given during that time can have hearty impact on the survival (ACS 1997).To be able to treat patients in the golden hour we must first be able to recognize it confidently. Studies have shown that patients admitted to intensive care unit from the wards are often not referred early enough. Sometimes receive suboptimal care, which can increase patients mortality (McQuillan et al1998).Vincent et al 2002 suggest that some patients with sepsis are recognized late and are not treated appropriately before transfer to ICU.In March 2004, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign produced comprehensive guidelines on the management of patients with severe sepsis. Initial treatment within one hour of diagnosis is,Give supplemental oxygen therapy, via facemask, to achieve SpO294%.Obtain blood standard lactate, full blood count, urea and electrolytes, glucose, liver function tests, coagulation screen and blood culture two sets. Samples from sputum, urine, wound swab etc as appropriate.Blood cultures should be taken before antibiotics are given to identify any microorganisms that may be in the blood and it should from a peripheral vein and from any invasive catheters that the patient may have in situ.Blood cultures are not always positive in patient with sepsis.Cohen et al (2004) suggest that care should take when obtaining blood cultures to prevent them becoming contaminated and giving a false positive result.Administer intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. In severe sepsis antibiotics should be given within one hour of diagnosis (Dellinger et al, 2004). Giving prompt antibiotic therapy may reduce mortality by 10-15 percent, compared with patients in whom antibiotic therapy is delayed (Wheeler Bernard, 1999).Any septic patient who has a lactate level above 4mmol/L should be considered to have severe sepsis even if the blood pressure is within the normal range.If patient is hypotensive, changeable resuscitate up to 3boluses of 500ml normal saline to maintain MAP65/systolic 100mmhg (Trusts sepsis care pathway).Con sider catheterization to maintain fluid balance.If the patient have signs of severe sepsis, needs referral to ICU. Signs of severe sepsis are Systolic blood pressure below 90mmHg or MAP below 65mmHg, lactate above 2mmol/L, urine output below 0.5ml/kg/hr for 2 hours, INR above1.5, bilirubin above 34mol/L, platelets below 100mol/L, creatinine above 177mmol/L.Some patients develop severe sepsis from infections they acquire while in hospital. One in ten NHS hospital patients are affected by healthcare associated infections(HCAIs) each year(DH2003).The most common of these infections are urinary infections as a result of indwelling urinary catheters and pneumonia.Therefore,nurses must make continued efforts to play an active part in reducing the number of HCAIs as this can potentially lead to fewer patients developing sepsis .Ahrens and Tuggle (2004) suggest that it may also be beneficial to raise the publics awareness of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign and the warning signs of developing sepsis. This may help to achieve the main aim of the campaign, which is to reduce mortality.Sepsis, is a common condition and can be fatal. A good knowledge of the signs and symptoms of sepsis is the key to prompt recognition. Every patient suspected having sepsis should have blood taken for a serum lactate level. In patients with severe sepsis, early aggressive treatment and adherence to evidence-based guidelines can help to save lives. In addition, efforts to reduce HCAIs can aid in the reduction of the incidence of sepsis.

View Of Politicians Police And Criminal Nexus Criminology Essay

View Of Politicians Police And Criminal Nexus Criminology EssayThe discordant offence syndicates/mafia organizations have developed significant muscle and situation power and have established linkages The animate savage justice corpse, which was essentially intentional to betray with the individual crimes, is unable to deal with politics functionaries, political leaders and new(prenominal)s to be able to operate with impunity. The tragedy is non that the evils afflicting society and the acclivitous carcass atomic number 18 not known, but the indifference of the leaders across the spectrum to the damage they be doing to the political system is abysmal. Enjoyment of power is wrecking the system from inside. on that point is a need to nip the develop turn in early stages which will be helpful in ending data link considerably.INTRODUCTIONThe overlook of law is a hallmark of democracy. To put it simply, it means order and stability in the society.1Politicians need mo ney and muscle power to maintain their positions of power and authority. Criminals inflate on wrongdoings and need some help to keep the practice of law personnel out of their way. Police is dependent upon the politicians for promotions and smooth service in business. So in that respect exists a mutual benefit relationship between practice of law, politicians and sorrys. Once the politician reaches a particular stature and develops a clout, he dictates terms to Police and bureaucratism much to the delight of the criminal elements. The bonds become stronger and any finds it difficult to survive without the help of the other and the point of no return is reached.2POLITICAL POLICE AND guilty NEXUSThe jurisprudence be a foundation of die hard of law and play an essential role in establishing it. They maintain the law and order in the society and protect the right and freedoms of the citizens.The rule of law presumes that police should serve the citizen and remain free from th e influence of political establishment3. Police has varied duties from suffice the people to protecting the state. The local in India, ar corrupt by and vainglorious and the reality is often disputed. Most police officers associate themselves with criminals in their region as the police are often involved in the same crimes and/or in many cases seek to claim a share of the money collected by the criminals.4The police provide assistance to the criminals by refusing to register a case against them. Police are considered to be criminals in uniform who have according to the wishes of the political parties in power at the expense of state funds. Most police officers associate themselves with criminals in their locality as the police are often involved in the same crimes and/or in many cases seek to claim a share of the money collected by the criminals. The police assist the criminals by either refusing to take any action against them or, if under pressure, by registering cases but f ailing to properly investigate them. Some policemen have not got over their old colonial mentality and are persisting in barbaric acts in a free country which claims to be run by democratic constitution and rule of law.The nexus between criminal gangs, police, bureaucracy and politicians has come out clearly in dissimilar parts of the country.5The history of police and criminal nexus is very old. Report on the nexus between the Bombay City Police and the Bombay under-world was prepared by CBI in 1986 which shows that police and criminal nexus is not new. An organized crime syndicate or mafia generally commences its activities by indulging in petty crime at the local level, in the main relating to illicit di so faration/gambling/organized satta and prostitution in the larger towns. In port towns, their activities involve smuggling and sale of imported goods and progressively grad to hypnagogics and drug trafficking. In the bigger cities, the main source of income relates to real e state forcibly occupying lands/buildings, procuring such properties at cheap rates by forcing out the subsisting occupants/tenants etcetera Even in the smaller towns and rural areas, muscle-men have become the order of the day. Hired assassins have become a part of these organizations.The heterogeneous crime syndicates organizations have developed significant muscle and money power and have established linkages with government functionaries, political leaders and others to be able to operate with impunity.The existing criminal justice system, which was essentially designed to deal with the individual crimes, is unable to deal with the activities of the Mafia the provisions of law in regard economic offences are weak in that location are insurmountable legal difficulties in attaching/confiscation of the property acquired through Mafia activities. In certain States, like Bihar, Haryana and UP, these gangs enjoy the title of local level politicians, cutting across party lines and the protection of governmental functionaries. Some political leaders become the leaders of these gangs and, over the years, get themselves choose to local bodies, State Assemblies and the national Parliament. Consequently, such elements have acquired considerable political clout seriously jeopardizing the smooth functioning of the administration and the safety of life and property of the common man, causing a sense of despair and alienation among the people. The big smuggling Syndicates, having international linkages, have spread into and infected the various economic and pecuniary activities, including Havana transactions, circulation of black money and operations of a vicious parallel economy causing serious damage to the economic fibre of the country. These syndicates have acquired corporeal fiscal and muscle power and social respectability and have successfully corrupted the government machinery at all levels and wield enough influence to retain the task of Investigating an d Prosecuting agencies extremely difficult even the members of the Judicial system have not escaped the embrace of the Mafia. Certain elements of the Mafia have shifted to narcotics, drugs and artillery smuggling and established narco-terrorism earningss, specially in the States of JK, Punjab, Gujarat and Maharashtra. The Bombay bomb blast case and the communal, riots in Surat and Ahmedabad have demonstrated how the Indian underworld has been exploited by the Pak ISI and the latters interlock in UAE to cause sabotage, subversion and communal tension in various parts of the country. The investigations into the Bombay bomb blast cases have revealed extensive linkages of the underworld in the various governmental agencies, political circles, business sector and the film world. It is evident that the muscle power of the crime Syndicates is sustained by their enormous financial power which, in turn, is, secured by the Mafia elements by committing economic offences with impunity. the v arious economic intelligence/ fact-finding/enforcement agencies under Secretary (Revenue) operates are Central Board of Excise springer (CBEC) it is responsible for the continueion of smuggling, In this and other tasks, it is assisted by the by the Director General of Revenue Intelligence (DGRI) and the Directorate General of Anti-Evasion (DGAE). The DGRI deals with the evasion of usage duties the DGAE with Excise duty evasion. Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) The CEIB is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the intelligence gathering activities and the investigative and enforcement actions of the various agencies responsible for investigation into economic offences and the enforcement of economic laws. Its main tasks are Identification of major sources generating black money directing and developing intelligence somewhat such sources planning and coordinating action and operations against such sources. Enforcement Dir ectorate This Directorate is concerned with the enforcement of the investigation and penal provision of the Foreign Exchange statute Act collection of intelligence relating to foreign exchange offences enquiries into suspected violations of the provisions of FERA, etc. Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) The NCB is responsible for the administration of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. It is responsible for coordination with different Central and State Government Departments/Ministries and the various Central and State law enforcement agencies for the implementation of the NDPS Act.These are the main agencies to tackle the crimes related to the tax and narcotic substances but the functioning of these agencies is hampered by the pressure which is result police political and criminal nexus The linkages developed by crime Syndicates get generally corroborate when pressure is mounted on the concerned agencies not to take action against the offenders or to go slow in the c ases against them. Such pressures are mounted either immediately after a raid is conducted or at the time when prosecution is about to be initiated. Pressures are in any case exerted whenever corrupt and undesirable officers are shifted from sensitive assignments (Preventive Customs Divisions at the Airports, sensitive Collect orates in the Central Excise etc.)In the narcotics arena, which includes cultivation of opium, manufacture of alkaloids, prevention of narcotics, smuggling etc. the financial stakes are astronomically in high spirits. Consequently, the level of corruption is of a very high order in this area of functioning and enormous pressures are brought to die hard even when subordinate officials are posted away especially when the shift of an officer adversely affects the interests of those who are making easy money. Narcotics trade has a world-wide network of smugglers who also have close links with terrorists. Terrorists indulge in narcotics trade to amass huge funds , in various foreign currencies, from which they source their procurement of weapons etc. the consequences of the this nexus between criminal and politicians is very harmful and to deal with the consequences we have to empower these agencies with the more effective power and machinery.The tragedy is not that the evils afflicting society and the emerging system are not known, but the indifference of the leaders across the spectrum to the damage they are doing to the political system is abysmal. Enjoyment of power is wrecking the system from within. It is matter for most serious concern that an increasing number of police officers are circumstances jail terms or facing trials for serious offences at that place is an emergence of the politico-bureaucratic-criminal nexus which has assumed command in several parts of the country. It is indeed a matter for utmost concern that many functionaries, who are elements of the criminal nexus, may also be occupying sensitive positions in the sec urity management apparatus.According to a recent study the present Lok Sabha has the unique distinction of having as many as 125 members with criminal background.6There are serious charges of rape, murder, kidnapping and extortion pending against many of the honorable members. They have not been convicted yet and there is no chance for it in the near future. Cases against them have been pending since ages and can never be disposed off. Saner elements in civil society and concerned citizens are beginning to be worried at the spectre of full-fledged criminalisation of politics and politicisation of criminals to use the formulation of one of our Prime Ministers.7If the present trend of criminalization among the elected representatives continues, the doomsday of rule of law in India would soon arrive. The present day politicians have proved late Churchill right when he said that scoundrels would rule India. Rather the situation today is far worse.The language of politics has changed ove r the years. Celebrations over, the politicians will now be back at the games they play in the pursual of power and all that goes with it.8Politicians are busy , they cannot spare time for the people and are engrossed in the chase for power. They do not have a moment to ponder over what they have done to the Constitution. In fact, politicians of all sorts have hijacked the democratic system to run it for their own convenience and not for serving the people. If any organ of the State chooses to block their way, they try to bend it to their will by means fair and foul.9In the past two decades and more there has been a growing increase in complaints of corruption, particularly at the levels which hurt the common man the most. Consequently, people have lost trust in the consignment and capacity of the governments, at the Centre and in the States, to promote their welfare.10Elections involving money and muscle power have failed to produce desirable results. The communalisation and crim inalisation of politics, endemic corruption and ineffectiveness of the governmental machinery have tarnished the image of governance and severely eroded its effectiveness.11White collar criminality is fairly prevalent in Politics. The standards of conduct are high among politicians as they are in commercial life. White-collar crimes violate trust and create disgust, which lowers social morale and produces social disorganization on a large scale. Other crimes produce relatively little effect on social institutions or social organization.12Some people believe that there are still innocent and honest politicians in the country, but nothing is being done by these honest people to control the pervasive corruption in the country. The politicians are busy playing blame games. There is hesitation to call a spade a spade.The rule of law is a legal maxim that states no person is immune to law. it means that law is equal for all(prenominal) man and no one is above the law is supreme this is p urely a fantasy of democracy where peoples will are supreme and laws are made to meet the expectations of the public. India is the democratic country and rule of law is the hallmark of it we have a ample machinery to protect the rule of the law in our country we have CBI, IB and other investigating agencies they are there to protect the rule of law but because of the police political and criminal nexus the functioning of these agencies are affected very much because agencies like CBI, CID and other investigating agencies start their investigation on the tribute of state government or central government or SC or HC state governments which are dominated by the MLAS who have their glorious criminal records generally not preferred to give investigation charge to CBI and they preferred to give the matter to CID which is a puppet at the hands of state government which has made them useless. The functioning of these agencies are dominated by the political masters who hamper it at every level for the primary information of the crime as well as information of the local activity. These agencies are dependent upon the police which corrupt in the present time. they are the criminals in uniform who provide every facility to criminals and help them at every level from the time of registration of the complaint inside the police stations, prisons and even the courts. Sometimes they are involved in escape of criminals from the lockup As the Supreme Court rightly observed that if the protector becomes the predator, the civilized society would cease to exist. This phrase can be to signalise the current scenario of India.CONCLUSIONAt present, there is no mechanism which is specifically designated to collect and collate intelligence pertaining to the linkages developed by criminals with the governmental set up. Nonetheless, thevarious intelligence agencies collect, in thenormal course of their functioning, information about the nexus betweenthe bureaucracy and politicians with the Mafia gangs, smugglers and theunderworld. These agencies use such available inputs only within thenarrow confines of their work charter and choose not to take unduecognisance and follow-up action, leave alone sharing with any otheragencies. Thus, all these agencies function within their own cocoons,with the result that a plethora of information fails to get specific andpurposeful attention needed for the exposure of the linkages. It is,therefore, unavoidable to immediately have an institutionalized systemwhich while giving total freedom to the various agencies to pursue theircharter of work, would simultaneously cast on them the consignment of sharingsuch inputs to a nodal outfit whose job will be to process this informationfor attention of a single designated authority. This will enable thenodal gathering to provide useful leads to the various agencies and, overtime, a progressive database will get generated to facilitate periodicreviews and analysis which could then be pas sed to a designated tree trunk Fighting the nexus between the politicians and criminal elements should become a National agenda transcending party politics. Conscious efforts should be made by all parties to prevent infiltration of criminal elements in their ranks. They should lend their support to amend the Representation of Peoples Act to deny opportunities to people with criminal records of moral turpitude and violence, to contest the elections. They should also lend support to pass legislation to deal firmly with organized crime. . There is need for a special legislation like other countries to deal with this menace. We need special courts and suitable modifications in the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Acts to make justice swifter. A stitch in time saves nine. The inability of the criminal justice system to deal firmly with infractions like gambling, prostitution, drugs lead to development of organized crime. Yesterdays petty criminals are todays dons. Hence, there is a nee d to nip the budding criminal in early stages which will be helpful in ending nexus considerably.

Television Programs :: Personal Narrative Media Entertainment Essays

Television ProgramsNature. PBS. 2004. Orangutans Just Hangin On.When I was nine years old, my family lived in Ayer, Massachusetts. I was sad to trust my friends in Colorado behind, but luckily lived on a street with a lot of other kids that I became fast friends with. There was a war machine base located in the town, so it was not unusual for new transplants to come in and out of the school throughout the school year. My teacher was idle and helped me catch up when it was clearly evident that this school was way ahead of mine back home. Soon I became one of the top students in my household and had made a best friend in the girl across the street. I began to become accustomed to my quaint small town, with the candy store that lock up sold atomic number 28 candies. There was a bookstore that didnt mind if you read the magazines without paying for them, just as long as your fingers were not sticky from your nickel candy.It was one of those wonderful carefree days as a kid that my whole world changed. I had received a scooter for my birthday and rode up and down the streets with my friends on their bikes after school. The next street over from mine had a long winding hill that the daredevil bike riders liked to sliding board down at what seemed at the time to be as fast as a car. After riding around my much more direct street, my friends became bored and wanted to test it out. I was not the most balanced of creatures on my scooter, and I wimped out. We decided that they would go down the hill and then digest me back at the old school that was next to a large field across the street from my house.The school was from the nineteenth century. There had been a incinerate there that shut the school down, but amazingly had not caused any structural damage to the outside. It was deemed an historic building so it remained preserved. It was kind of creepy to vista in to its abandoned insides, but there was a large asphalt lot behind it and the field next to it, so the former playgrounds received a lot of attention from the kids in the neighborhood. I rode my scooter down towards the back of the school to where a basketball hoop stood and leaned my scooter against the chain link fence.

HP-48SX Scientific Expandable Calculator Essay -- Technology Calculato

HP-48SX Scientific Expandable CalculatorHistoryThe HP-48SX Scientific Expandable computing device was manufactured by Hewlett Packard and the copyright is dated 1989. At the time of release, the HP-48 series was the most advanced line of scientific information processing systems available to those in the technical schoolnical fields. I purchased the calculator in 1991 through a high school mathematics program. It has been used extensively since then for virtually every class I ease up taken. So far, the calculator has never malfunctioned.MaterialThe main material of the HP-48SX is plastic. The case is hard brown plastic. The front panel is a thin metal tack with soft plastic buttons. The screen is a large liquid crystal display.For a much more detailed description of a similar calculator, charm Kim Myers identification section for her HP-48G.ConstructionThe internal parts of the HP-48SX consist mainly of a small CPU and its associated connections. These connections were made by soldering. The external case of the calculator was made using the technique of injection molding. The calculator was built for convenience of use. The size is perfect for the palm of the hand. Also, rubber stoppers on the bottom panel master the calculator does not slip on many surfaces.DesignAs mentioned above, the design and construction of the calculator make it convenient and easy to use. Also, the symbols used hold fast standard conventions which reduces the chance of confusion. The ability to produce characters of both the English and Greek alphabets gives the user the ability to write any word or equation.The keypad porthole is arranged for simple use. All the buttons are labeled clearly with primary, secondary, and tertiary operations. Functions not contr... ... peers with respect to technological possessions. My HP represents my first step into high tech equipment.Lastly, my HP-48SX symbolizes success. With its assistance, I feel I can conquer any problem. Its functions gives me the capability to do so. Also, I can check my current success by accessing the grades I hold in memory. I feel that as long as I have and use my HP-48SX Scientific Expandable calculator I leave never fail.I examined my calculator with a focus on academics. Many other students did not interpret their artifacts in the same terms. Alicia Moyer wrote on a bomb sandwich and the practical and recreational aspects of it. She considers her sandwich not only a meal, but also a work of art, as well as a mental break from her schoolwork. Her artifact study is another example of one done on a utilitarian object but with a slightly different focus.

Victorian Lifestyles :: Papers

Victorian Lifestyles Working clothes for poorer people were often passed down within the family or bought from second hand shops. They were usually made from coarsely interweave wool or cotton cloth and they would be mended and patched to make them last a long time. Most people tried to have a better set of clothes for Sunday best. Wealthier families could afford smart dressed and clothes made from better quality material. Ladies were interested in fashion and read magazines similar The Young Ladies Journal to find out about the latest styles. Early Victorian ladies wore full skirts with as many as six petticoats. In the 1850s crinoline skirts were supported on wire cages and later padded cushions or bustles were tied around the waist under the skirts to make them stick out at the back. Ladies wore tightly laced corsets to give them the narrow waists that were thought to be attractive. Well off men wore knee length frock coats in silk or velvet, silk waistcoats and shirts with stiffly starched eminent collars. Underneath they wore vests and long underpants made from woollen cloth. They wore a top hat or perhaps a newly fashionable bowler hat and carried a cane or walking stick. Beards and side-whiskers were also fashionable. Children in wealthy families wore very formal clothes. Girls wore dresses which were as fancy as the grown ups but sparingly shorter. Boys wore dresses until they were about five or six and then were dressed in sailor suits or velvet suits with lace collars and cuffs. Until Isaac Singer invented the sewing machine in 1851 all clothes were made by hand. Seamstresses worked long hours for low wages, stitching clothes for wealthy people. In the Victorian period work inside and external the home took up much more time than it does today and working people had far less leisure time. There was little money to economize and no radio, television, CDs, cinemas or sports centres. Peop le, however, found all sorts of ways of enjoying what free time they had.