Achilles' Rejection of Agamemnon's Offer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Achilles' Rejection of Agamemnon's Offer - Essay Example Greeks heroes were known to perform heroic deeds, and Achilles is an opposite of this. He could have used the opportunity to accept the offer and show his heroism. His action of refusing to participate in the battle stained his heroic code of honor as both his friends, and the Greeks questioned whether he was a patriot to his country (Homer & John, 345). Known by the public as a great fighter, Achilles act of refusing to participate in the battle is an irony. Therefore, all the happenings that took place in the war were blamed on him because, as a warrior, he had refused an honorable settlement and allowed his pride to destroy his nation (Homer & John, 350). In conclusion, the act of Achilles in refusing reconciliation was a wrong act since the result was the fall of Greek and death of other talented fighters. Pride is a healthy aspect for self-image, but when in-excess, it becomes a tool of

Definition Nature And The Humanities

Definition Nature And The Humanities Nature is the vague and elusive subject of millennia of thought. It is the tangible self evident life found in both backyards and expansive forests. Nature is a container for and of life, created but uncreatable. It is thought by some to be the creation of deliberate intention but which is unable to be created by human efforts. Of all the elusive traits attributable to this vague object of thought, an important concept may be found behind all of the endless contradictions Nature so fervently thrusts upon its observers: Nature itself may actually be a symbol for something greater which poets and authors have alluded to. The nature of Nature is living. Many descriptions can be attached but dead, lifeless, empty, exanimate are not among them. Often those words are readily employed to describe a place where Nature once was found but no longer resides. Reflecting the ever apparent principle of duality Nature exhibits its closeness to Divinity by being both the most accepting and the most rejecting of forces. Nature will accept any outcast and might very well be so rejecting as to kill anything that dares step into the expansive realm it dominates. Many inhabitants live in the home Nature creates but those creatures only reflect what Nature has given them: life. Yet the recipients are not Nature. Nothing in it can be taken and said to be Nature itself but without the creatures which inhabit it, Nature ceases to live. The closer an object tends to be to the source of life of all that is living, the more it is subject to symbolic attribution. It becomes an archetype. In addition Nature is nebulous, which compounds the capacity for symbolic usage. And the authors who grasp this concept are only able to describe it in a nebulous manner, as they see it. The preceding three cardinal examples lead up to the concluding example of why Nature is so conducive to symbolic attributions. There is a cornerstone reason, more important than all the others as to why Nature holds so much meaning to humans, without which nothing else would matter in our understanding. It is a truth everyone knows but few truly know. This apparent self contradiction so characteristic of Nature gives another hint at what it is. If a person looking for red on a rainbow has found yellow then orange, red is not far off. This leads to the conclusion Nature is an objectively real, living entity given life by its observers. Nature is living but apparently not conscious. Nature is objectively real but cannot maintain its separate existence without the life given to it by both its observers and inhabitants. Nature gives life to everything without which nothing would have life. These truths lead to understanding Nature is alive but might only have a collective unconscious for a mind. Depending on the readers beliefs this may be due to the Creator of life not giving a single physical holding place for consciousness to function. Or it may be because Nature has not evolved enough to have developed an unconscious, let alone a conscious mind. But there may be a more sublime possibility, one which helps explain its symbolic and powerful nature. Nature might be cognisant at the self conscious level of awareness but at a scale unobservable by humans, similar to how cells in a brain exhibit many characteristics of Nature but at a much smaller scale. This is a practical reason, as opposed to the more nebulous reasoning it might at first seem to be. Nature might be too big to be within the human realm of comprehension. And humans might be so small they are outside of Natures ability to grasp. Cells live and die, form into individual types and perform individual functions, attack and defend themselves from other cells, eat and breathe. If the cells veer too far into the expanse of the body they might die from conditions harsh compared to where it was formed. At this time so much space is allotted to the universe as to render numbers hardly meaningful in relation to it, allowing instead only the ruthless application of an equally incomprehensible symbol: the infinite. Beyond the realm of both human comprehension and mathematics, N atures awareness might be found in the infinite. With archaic properties as powerful as these it is no surprise Nature is a strong a hook for symbolism. Still, Nature might only be a symbol for something greater than itself, something that holds the true properties which Nature can only symbolize. Authors who write on the subject seem to allude to not only Nature itself but the power behind it. This seems to refer to a God or Creator. Or it may be a divinity from the complete composition of everything. Authors do not write in consensus of a single Creator but do seem to agree that there is something behind Nature. Not so much religious as spiritual, these writers lead the reader to the conclusion there is a force there. It is a force that Nature is both symbolic and reflective of. Similar attributions can be derived from both this Great Spirit and Nature: living, powerful, dangerous, accepting, and rejecting. Nature may also at the same time, independent of spiritual symbolism, be a symbol of the self. People may go into Nature to reconnect to themselves. We might go to Nature to recharge and get away from artificial lifestyles. To project characteristics of the self onto a hook in psychology is called projecting. This allows for us to hook our own characteristics onto something that is outside us. So Nature could be either a powerful subjective hook which is similar to us in many ways or it might actually posses those traits. Either could be true or both at the same time and still lead people to seek out themselves in Nature as they have always done. Nature dominates. It is a force to challenge the self, allowing for outside experiences representative of internal workings. It waits to dominate or be dominated. Ironically and again consistent in its self contradictory nature, the dominator is waiting for domination. Either created or evolved, Nature remains a battleground to test the self against. It is a force to give meaning to the ability of anyone who puts themselves in its way. To survive a tornado, earthquake or even a night in a tent after roasting marshmallows at a cozy campfire with friends is a symbolic victory of the self over Nature. Nature fulfills a part of the soul which needs to dominate. By accepting this challenge and leaving a much safer civilized city, even for a short period, can give renewed vitality and meaning to life, if you survive. The symbolism of Nature is too expansive to be reduced to a definition any paper is able to give but applied and reasonable thought leads to both some comprehension of Nature and of the divinity it may be a symbol of. People who go to Nature to find themselves will. And people who turn to Nature as a place to recharge their lives with meaning and power will succeed. As long as life exists so will Nature. Although Nature may be damaged by human pollution or other non human events, Nature will live as long as life itself exists. A symbol for life, God and each every individual, it remains a powerful subject for authors, poets and others who have always and will rightfully continue to attribute those symbolic characteristics to Nature.

Verbal Image Translation Analysis Based Upon Ian Flemings From Russia With Love :: essays research papers

This paper deals with the problem of verbal image translation from SL ( English ) into TL ( Ukrainian ). The research is based on comparison of the original [ 1; 337p. ] and Ukrainian translation [ 2; 190p. ] of Ian Fleming’s â€Å" James Bond : From Russia With Love† A few words should be mentioned about the author and his book . Ian Fleming ( 1908 – 1964 ) was a great journalist and detective stories writer . In 1931 he joined Reuters news agency, and during the World War 2 he was a personal assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence at the admiralty, rising to the rank of commander . At this time he acquired the first-hand knowledge of secret operations . He started his first James Bond novel â€Å" Casino Royale† at the age of 44 , by which time he became the foreign manager of Kemsley Newspapers . He wrote it in the Golden Eye , the house he had built in Jamaica . James Bond has won Ian Fleming the world fame , being the greatest British fictional icon of the late 20-th c. The book is about a British secret agent James Bond , on whom every major foreign government has a file, and whom the Russia’s deadly SMERSH organisation has targeted for elimination – they have the perfect bait in the irresistible Tatiana Romanova . Her mission is to lure Bond to Istanbul and seduce him, while her superiors handle the rest . Bond walks into the trap – but he is always the one to win . The language of this detective story is mostly unexpressive, unemotional, and the stylistic devices ( SD ) that the author uses are typical of the genre : the lyrical images are absent, most of the SDs are used as the means serving to create the picture of the cold, ruthless world of constantly alternating death and fight for survival . Artistic images mostly are stylistically neutral , as no or little expressiveness or emotional colouring is present in them . The same concerns the idioms and phraseologisms ( of which the verbal image is the basic constituting element [ 3 ; 28 ] ) occuring infrequently . The translated work of art is percepted as the artistic one only provided that it corresponds to artistic and stylistic tradition of the TL [ 3; 28 ] .

Whats Medicaid And Medicare Reimbursement Health And Social Care Essay

What is Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement. In this paper you will see a glance of funding issues each province has when working with reimbursement issues. The Medicaid plan administered by single provinces but besides involves federal support and is the beginning of medical coverage for low income patients. In Georgia the population wellness direction plan was implemented to measure growing in wellness attention outgos. A non-experimental attack was used to analyse claims informations from Georgia Medicaid for all plan eligible individuals for each relevant clip period ( purpose to handle footing ) . The economic impact of reimbursement is outstanding in mention to existent cost and Medicaid cost tendencies.Introduction:Medicaid disbursement represents 15 per centum of all US wellness attention disbursement. In financial twelvemonth 2007, national Medicaid plan outgos were $ 332.2 billion, with 43 per centum ( $ 142.6 billion ) borne by provinces. Entire Medicaid plan outgos are projected to increase $ 673.7 billion by 2017 at the rate of 7.9 per centum Pr twelvemonth ( Truffer, CJ, 2010 ) . Medicaid disbursement ranks 2nd among all costs in many province budgets, accounting for 17 per centum of province budgets on norm ( Wildason DE. 2010 ) . Since the state is confronting terrible budget shortages and the growing of Medicaid disbursement is increasing many provinces have adopted cost salvaging such as decreases in supplier payments, coverage and has increased cost sharing with the enrollees. Some provinces have get downing carry oning analyzes to foretell outsourcing Medicaid reimbursement to managed attention organisations ( MCOs ) , negot8iating a planetary rate per member per month ( PMPM ) . One scheme used which is increasing is the aiming of high-cost chronically ailment or handicapped subset of the Medicaid population as execution of a disease direction ( DM ) plan to better wellness results while incorporating cost ( Flowers, L, 2010 ) . The public presentation indexs of the DM plans typically include: ( 1 ) Overall cost nest eggs ( normally based on the sum spent PMPM as compared to some baseline tendency ) ( 2 ) Component cost nest eggs ( decreases in exigency room visits or hospital admittances, as compared to the baseline and ( 3 ) Tax return to investing ( which accounts for plan costs every bit good as medical nest eggs ) . However, grounds of the effectivity of these plans within either Medicare or Medicaid populations is assorted ( Gillespie JL, 2003and Bott, DM, 2009 ) . Although DM plans target persons with specific diseases, surveies of more planetary population wellness direction ( PHM ) plans aiming clinically and socially complex disabled section of Medicaid populations are thin.MethodThe Georgia Department of Community Health contracts with 2 private sector DM sellers to organize and present population wellness outcomes direction services, the plans service the aged, blind, and handicapped population in different parts of the province. This survey focuses on the plan covering Atlanta and North Georgia. Sevenn diseases were targeted for direction ( asthma, chronic clogging pneumonic disease, congestive bosom failure, coronary arteria arteria disease, diabetes, haemophilia, and schizophrenic disorder ) , the plan result and fiscal inducements are tied to overall cost and quality results for all eligible enrollees, irrespective of disease or comorbidity. Georgia paid the North Georgia vendor a $ 13.94 PMPM capitation payment. Medicaid members enrolled in the plans received a wide array of attention services, a 24/7 nurse advice line, educational services, and member/provider analysis utilizing use and claims informations. The nucleus of the intercession squad is the registered nurse â€Å" wellness manager, † but the squad besides includes societal workers, druggists, mental wellness professions, and supplier engagement staff. Georgia ‘s proposed Balancing Incentives Program will be used to further spread out the usage of community-based long term attention services through the followers: aˆ? Expand the figure of slots in Georgia ‘s five 1915 ( degree Celsius ) Medicaid Waiver Programs aˆ? Provide an addition in reimbursement for paediatric place wellness services, thereby increasing entree to home-based, station ague services and cut down yearss spent in the infirmary aˆ? Fund three new community-based services for Medicaid receivers with serious and relentless behavioural wellness demands. The services have been proposed through State Plan Amendment. aˆ? Expand intensive community-based services to youth with serious emotional perturbations and their households. aˆ? Expand the Georgia Pediatric Program ‘s Medically-fragile Day Care service through slot enlargement and age enlargement. aˆ? Adopt Georgia ‘s 12 Aging and Disability Resource Centers as the primary point of entry for place and community services aˆ? Provide web-based preparation on community-based long term attention services available to targeted referral beginnings. The proposed budget for Georgia ‘s Balancing Incentives Program is $ 19,086,355 per twelvemonth, or a sum of $ 57,259,065 over a three-year period. Activities will get down instantly upon presentment of an award with development of statewide developing toward a no-wrong-door point of entry attack, with a focal point of entry through the Aging and Disability Resource Centers. The first five slug points above are designed to significantly spread out the usage of place and community services, cut downing the hazard of institutional attention for several diverse populations necessitating long term attention.Georgia ‘s Balancing Incentive ProgramUnderstanding of Balancing Incentives Program Aims: Since 2008 Georgia has participated in the Money Follows the Person Demonstration Grant, set uping a statewide system of passage coordination to help occupants of establishments in safely returning to their places and communities. In 2007 the State ‘s Medicaid expenditures for place and community based services ( HCBS ) comprised 30.7 per centum of entire long term attention dollars spent yearly. Georgia ‘s Money Follows the Person ( MFP ) Program has successfully transitioned 737 persons from skilled nursing and intermediate attention installations into community abodes and helped spread out the usage of community services, rebalancing the long term attention expenditures for HCBS to 40.9 % by 2010. One facet of the long term support and service system that Georgia has non yet been able to accomplish is a individual point of entry for all community-based services and plans. Entry into Georgia ‘s long term attention plans remains slightly disconnected with many poin ts of entry, some easier to happen than others. Progress toward a no-wrong-door attack was achieved in 2011 when Georgia funded a service, options guidance, provided through an interagency understanding with the State Unit on Aging. Today options guidance is provided through the Aging and Disabilities Resource Centers in all twelve regional Area Agency on Aging in Georgia, supplying direct face-to-face aid to any nursing place or ICF occupant to find available resources and services necessary to ease a successful, sustainable passage. Options Counselors provide the first contact with persons identified for inclusion in the Money Follows the Person Program and serve as a referral point for nursing installation staff as nursing place occupants self-identify for community passage through usage of the Minimum Data Set ‘s Section Q. Further, Options Counselors provide passage aid regardless of purpose to take part in the MFP Program, type of service demand, age or income degree. Despite this work, Georgia still operates several p oints of entry into LTSS, typically determined by population, disablement or type of service required.Current System ‘s Strengths and Challenges:As described above, Georgia ‘s Aging and Disability Resource Centers are more widely recognized by the populace, supplier community and the medical attention system than they were merely a few old ages ago because of outreach attempts by the AAAs, the State Unit on Aging, the State Medicaid Agency and the State ‘s Developmental Disability Agency. Part of the community acknowledgment stems from a big resource database maintained by the ADRCs that presently houses over 24,000 service resources for older grownups, grownups with disablements and persons with developmental disablements. This electronically-maintained resource database relies on parts that are regionally added and maintained by the AAAs. Each part employs information system staff who develop, update and keep the database. Therefore, all information is continually checked for contact truth and any needful alterations to the services offered. One challenge of the system is its labour-intensive theoretical account, utilizing information staff to look into and update resources. BIP Program support is exp ected to supply extra resources for the enlargement of the bing Resource Database targeted toward services specific to populations non antecedently targeted. Another strength of Georgia ‘s LTSS is its traditional usage of conflict-free instance direction. In three of the five release plans a demand of instance direction registration is the absence of association with a service bureau, an association that could function as a focussed referral point for LTSS. Georgia plans to develop construction for struggle free instance direction for the other two release plans and the other plans included in the Undertaking: community mental wellness services provided through the rehabilitation option and the Georgia Pediatric Program in-home nursing service. Since neither has included a conflict-free instance direction service in the yesteryear, this is expected to show a development challenge.Outreach and Ad:Outreach to populations in demand of long term attention has been a long clip chal lenge in Georgia. Georgia ‘s Money Follows the Person Program uses the undermentioned attacks to make out to persons in demand: aˆ? Printed stuffs such as circulars and booklets aˆ? Outreach to aim audiences: referral beginnings such as infirmaries and doctors, nursing installation staff ; older grownup groups, and protagonism organisations aˆ? Education through web sites Funding Plan: Georgia will go on to bespeak province support to fit federal Medicaid financess in order to spread out place and community services through the Balancing Incentive Plan. For more specific information on support, delight refer to the Budget Narrative contained in a separate papers.Challenges:One important challenge in Georgia will be the multiple electronic information systems built to suit points of entry. Over clip organisations in Georgia have independently developed population-specific or program-specific points of entry every bit good as electronic clinical record systems. These systems have evolved over decennaries affecting important province, non-profit-making and private resources. In some plans, there are no bing electronic record-keeping systems. To extenuate this challenge, the ADRCs began working with assorted entry points for developmental disablement services and over clip have expanded the ADRC staff expertness and resource database to include this population. Through its MFP Program Georgia has begun researching engineering options that could supply a platform for transportation of information from multiple electronic recordkeeping systems.Other Balancing Enterprises:As noted antecedently, Georgia was one of the first provinces to be awarded a Money Follows the Person Grant by CMS. Additionally, Georgia is runing one of the presentation releases for kids with terrible emotional upsets to avoid the usage of psychiatric residential intervention installations whenever possible. Technical Aid: Expectations for petitions for proficient aid autumn in the countries of: 1 ) Adopting a standardised, validated paediatric appraisal tool for kids at hazard of hospitalization or institutional long term attention because of delicate medical conditions 2 ) Researching an information engineering platform to ease the transportation of informations electronically for intents of functional and fiscal eligibility for long term attention. Long Term Supports and Services Expansion/Access to Service The followers is a description of the countries of Georgia ‘s Medicaid HCBS plans that will be expanded in assorted ways to supply extra services, serve extra Georgians, or heighten entree to services. aˆ? Expand the figure of slots in Georgia ‘s five 1915 ( degree Celsius ) Medicaid Waiver Programs. The enhanced federal lucifer available through the Balancing Incentive Program will increase admittances to the Elderly and Disabled Waiver Program, the Georgia Pediatric Waiver Program for medically delicate kids, the two Waiver Programs for people with developmental disablements, and the Waiver Program for immature grownups with terrible physical disablements. aˆ? Provide an addition in reimbursement for paediatric place wellness services, thereby increasing entree to home-based, station ague services and cut downing yearss spent in the infirmary. Georgia ‘s place wellness attention rates for station ague skilled services presently offer no derived function in rates for grownup attention and the attention of kids. Home wellness suppliers report a deficit of paediatric nurses, physical and occupational healers available to supply the attention ; therefore, worker deficit consequences in higher costs. In add-on to the higher cost of attention related to the labour market, paediatric place wellness attention is non provided every bit often as that for grownups with greater geographic distances involved in attention proviso. aˆ? Fund three new community-based services for Medicaid receivers with serious and relentless behavioural wellness demands. The services are being reviewed at this clip through State Plan Amendment. If approved by CMS, the new services will offer instance direction, rehabilitation-targeted employment services, and community life supports to persons with serious and relentless mental unwellness. BIP financess will besides be used to spread out Assertive Community Treatment and a rural theoretical account of Assertive Community Treatment for non-urban countries of Georgia. aˆ? Expand the Georgia Pediatric Program ‘s Medically-fragile Day Care service through slot enlargement and age enlargement. Georgia ‘s Pediatric Waiver plan offers medically-fragile twenty-four hours attention to kids who qualify through medical necessity finding. At this clip, Program eligibility is limited to kids age five or younger. There is a demand to spread out the age eligibility limitations, supplying after school attention for medically delicate kids who attend school but need after school attention. Budget Items to Support Balancing Incentive Program Requirements: The followers is a description of the programs for conformity with the demands of the Balancing Incentive Program and the budget deductions with budget projections if known. aˆ? Adopt Georgia ‘s 12 Aging and Disability Resource Centers as the primary point of entry for place and community services: Facilitate the add-on of services and resources specific to populations non presently included in the 24,000-service database. This enlargement of the ADRC resource database is expected to necessitate an increased figure of ADRC staff or may necessitate contracts with other points of entry for cross referral and coordination of resources. aˆ? Provide web-based preparation on community-based long term attention services available to targeted referral beginnings: Will necessitate that the Medicaid Agency purchase or subscribe to a web-based preparation bundle to suit 150 – 200 participants in on-line preparation Sessionss for the intent of cross-referral and communicating between points of entree. aˆ? Develop an outreach program and stuffs in order to raise consciousness of Georgians about the handiness of options to institutional attention. A preliminary Communication Plan includes media releases and articles, booklet and posting printing, societal media posters, and website hosting. The budget for communications is projected to be $ 150,000. aˆ? Development or purchase of an information engineering system designed to ease communicating between assorted province bureaus and other points of participant entree and eligibility finding. The State Medicaid Agency is researching the usage of the eligibility system scheduled for execution in 2014 as the platform through which approved spouses will portion demographic, fiscal and functional information for the intent of eligibility finding. An extra map of the system is that of informations sharing during cross-referral to avoid applicant confusion and facilitate admittance to service without duplicate of informations aggregation.

Méliès’s Trip to the Moon Essay

The film opens with a gathering of academics in a lecture hall. They have robes, beards and pointed hats. They are standing at first in ranks in the room, five more men join them and are given telescopes by female servants. The leader enters and assumes a position at a blackboard on the left where he draws an image of the Earth and the Moon and a bullet-shaped craft landing on the Moon. They all being discussing or arguing about the project. The technique used for acting is based on what one might see acted out in the theater with no modern cinematography such as close-ups or zooms are used to focus the attention on a particular character. All the characters appear onstage and if there is any focus on a certain action is done through theatrical technique such as the females marching out and handing out telescopes and leaving. When the main character, seeming like a professor comes in the group sort of comes to attention and stand still at first while the professor speaks and draws on the board. One’s attention’s shifts to the group again as they discuss and argue with over-large gesticulations in this silent film without written inter-titles. It is a silent stage drama recorded on film, else it would be mime theatre. The film’s scene changes almost like a shift of scene in the theatre. There is a very fake-looking space capsule that is being worked on and some of the astronauts try out the interior. There is a moment when someone falls into a shallow barrel. Possibly, this was meant to be a comic touch which would be at home later in vaudeville. There is no camera movement. It is as if one had a good seat at the theatre and watching a series of tableaux vivantes. The film owes much more to the stage and picture books than to any already-developed film technique. The subsequent boarding of the space-bullet on the left with the cannon on the right looks especially fake and hand-drawn. There is little aim at a believable set and much over-acting: doffing their hats and so on to an imaginary group of spectators, actually us who are watching the living theater more than a film by today’s standards. After the firing of the cannon, there occurs the use of something like special effects where the Man in the Moon, framed by clouds comes closer to the viewer and has human like expressions which show the space vehicle hitting him in the eye. It is a real human looking like he has whipped cream on his face.

Unique Ways to Celebrate Graduation

Unique Ways to Celebrate Graduation Graduating from an online university or college can be surprisingly depressing. You’ve worked hard, done well in your classes, and have truly earned your degree. But, without the traditional cap-throwing, gown-wearing, sappy music-playing graduation ceremony, finishing coursework can sometimes feel anticlimactic. Don’t let that get you down. Many online graduates find their own way to celebrate. Viewing some unique graduation celebration ideas may inspire you to mark the occasion in a special way. Throw Your Own Ceremony or Party Even if you can’t attend a traditional graduation ceremony, host your own. Choose a theme, send out invitations, and celebrate your accomplishments with your best friends. Display your diploma on the wall to mark this important milestone and show interested guests. Spend the evening with upbeat music, good food, and interesting conversation, letting those closest to you know that you did, indeed, graduate, and you are in the mood to celebrate. Take a Trip Chances are that you’ve put off some of your vacationing desires to finish your educational commitments. Now that youve completed your online studies, youre not bound by a scheduled graduation ceremony. Since you’re finished with school, take some time to do what you’ve always wanted. Whether it’s a cruise of the world, a vacation to Maui, Hawaii, or a weekend at a local bed and breakfast, you deserve it. Theres no better way to celebrate your graduation than lying on a beautiful beach or enjoying breakfast in bed in a cottage nestled in the woods. Splurge on a Career-Related Activity While you were busy studying, you may have passed up going to an amazing business conference, skipped becoming a member of an elite art museum, or forgone subscribing to a career journal because you needed to spend your money and devote your time to your schooling. If so, now is your chance to celebrate by ordering tickets, planning your trip, or signing up. Not only will you enjoy it, but it may provide unexpected opportunities to progress in your field of work. Renovate Your Study Since you’ve finished with the late nights on the computer and removed the â€Å"Stay Out† signs from your door, take the opportunity to redecorate the room (or corner) you’ve used to study. If you have a large space, consider turning it into a parlor for entertaining, home theater, game room, or home spa. Or, if you made your homework habitat in a little corner of the house, redecorate it with artwork, famous quotes, or posters to inspire you in your career. Give Back   You’ve had amazing opportunities, and your new degree promises to bring even more chances for exciting experiences. Find a way to give back to your community. Think about volunteering at a local school, dishing out at a soup kitchen, tutoring students at the library, or reading at a neighborhood senior center. Sponsor an orphan in the U.S. or in a foreign country or become a member of a civil rights group. Whatever you choose, giving back is sure to offer real personal satisfaction to add to your hard-earned degree.

Earnings Management Essays

Earnings Management Essays Earnings Management Paper Earnings Management Paper At a basic level, it involves allocating the right inventory to the right customer at the right price. This is also known as yield management. In the Indian context application of revenue management can be seen In many fields: Travel and Tourism: * Advance purchase of tickets offered by airlines * Weekend discount by hotels Attack service by Indian Railways * Different tariffs charged by power generation and distribution companies * Software companies Revenue management has been named as the number one emerging business strategy by the Wall Street Journal. Application of management science models based on linear programming has Improved the contribution to profit for a major steel company (Data Steel) in India by $73 million in 1986-87 and given a cumulative Earnings Management It covers a wide variety of legitimate and illegitimate actions by management that affects the earnings of a company. It is strategy used by the management to deliberately manipulate the companys earnings in order to smooth earnings over two or more interim or accrual accounting periods or to achieve a designated earnings level to meet security analysts forecasts. Companies prefer to smooth earnings in contrast to having years of exceptionally good or bad earnings. It includes legitimate discretionary choices of when to enter into transactions that require accounting recognition, adding a product line, selling a division, decreasing expenditures. For example, implementation of a decision to enhance the entitys reedit and collection activities may legitimately support reducing the estimate of bad debt expense. Abusive earnings management is deemed by the Securities ; Exchange Commission to be a material and intentional misrepresentation of results. This is the case when the management circumvents GAP in an effort to influence reported earnings. Accounting records may be falsified, all the legal liabilities may not be reported, and fictitious transactions may be entered. In many cases, leadership is responsible for employing techniques to manage and smooth earnings. It should however, be noted that earnings management that constitutes read is distinctly different from earnings management perceived to reduce the quality of earnings. While the pure-fraud cases are to be dealt with through criminal law, issues such as earnings management are also to be dealt with through stringent provisions securities regulation and corporate governance norms. The current evidence indicates a greater incidence of the former type of cases rather than the latter, but beyond a point the distinction between the two gets somewhat blurred (as in Satyrs case) and hence caution must be exercised to prevent both types of occurrences. A major area of concern regarding practice of earnings management is the effect it has on destabilize the stock markets. Motives The major drivers which motivate the management to resort to techniques of earnings management may be discussed as follows: * Achieve targeted results * Emphasis on quarterly reporting * Analyst recommendations * High expectation of shareholders * Performance based pay and stock options * Pressure on Board of Directors and top management to showcase their leadership Instruments Some common techniques of revenue management are described below: * Vendor Financing Vendor financing occurs when a company loans money to a company to a customer to purchase goods from the company. The result is increase in sales revenue on the income statement and an increase in notes receivables on the Balance Sheet. The increase in revenues improves earnings and the related ratios that have operating Income Ana net Income In ten computation. I nee technique Is common to some industries such as telecommunications. For example, in early 2000, Motorola loaned more than $ 2 billion via vendor financing to Titles, a Turkish telecommunication company. Subsequent to the financing, Titles defaulted on the principal and interest payments, forcing Motorola to write off the receivable and recognize a loss. The concern here is that financial analysis and subsequent decisions made about a company based on the current period revenues and earnings are immediately distorted. * Booking a Sale before its time Another way of increasing revenues is to record sales in the accounting records before they are earned. One technique is stuffing the sales channel. Managers ship inventory to customers and recorded the corresponding revenues in spite of clauses f returning the goods without cause beyond year end. Another commonly used technique is to record the sale and leave the delivery date open for the customer. Not reducing sales for promised rebates is yet another instrument of revenue management. Revenue can also be increase by shipping and recording as a sale goods delivered on consignment. Companies in the service industry frequently resort to revenue management. Software support and maintenance contracts, engineering updates, equipment maintenance contracts, and other may call for a long term agreement between the service provider and customer. In order to increase revenues a service provider may record as revenue the entire or a substantial portion of the contract in the first year. Many internet retailers and advertising agencies use the gross method of recording revenues. Under the gross approach, revenues collected and the cost of the ticket are recorded separately, thus creating an appearance of high revenue business. Earnings are generally managed by selecting the amount and time period an expense is recorded on the income statement. Commonly used techniques may be describes as follows: * Cookie Jars This is a technique where managers selectively record or fail to record certain expenses on the income statement, using an offsetting Balance Sheet account (cookie jar) to absorb the impact on earnings. This technique is employed on one or more expense categories. Such as bad debt expense, inventory write downs, warranty expenses, sales return, depreciation and others. For example in periods of low earnings, the amount recorded as bad debt expense may be reduced and in periods of high earnings this amount may be increased. The cookie Jar, the allowance for doubtful accounts, simply floats up and down to accommodate the desired expense accrual. The company will rarely report the Justification for changes to the allowance account. This leaves open the allowance for a doubtful accounts cookie Jar for the executives to manage earnings. Non Recurring Charges and the Big Bath The use of non recurring charges is an extension of the cookie Jar concept. It is common for businesses to close plants, reposition operating units, reduce labor counts, outsource non core business functions, and more. The entire amount is recorded as an expense in the current period as a no recurring charge (also kn own as restructuring charge). A restructuring reserve account is established as a liability on the Balance Sheet to offset the actual cash payments for restructuring the business, which may occur over one or more subsequent accounting periods. Executives practicing earnings management underestimate these restructuring reserves to enhance current pergola earnings. A Log Damn occurs when overstated restructuring charges hit the income statement in the current year. Management uses the restructuring charge to establish a restructuring reserve cookie Jar on the Balance Sheet by overstating the current period restructuring expense, thus reducing earnings in excess for the current period. Off Balance Sheet Financing Off Balance Sheet financing is defined as debt obligations that are not recorded on the Balance Sheet. Although technically, they do not alter the earnings, they do affect they do affect the ratios that use debt in the numerator or denominator. Examples of off Balance Sheet financing include: * Operating Leases * Limited Partnerships Coin Ventures) * Pension Obligations * Receivables that have been factored (sold) Project Methodology Objective To identify the various factors affecting Revenue Earnings Management in the Indian IT Industry. Scope The scope of our study was the 85 listed Indian IT companies with data in the public domain for the last 5 years. Methodology The Discretionary accruals have been taken as a proxy of earnings management by a number of researchers. Discretionary accruals are calculated as the difference between total accruals and non discretionary accruals. Firms having high investments tend to report more discretionary accruals in their earnings. The nondiscriminatory component reflects business conditions (such as growth and the length of the operating cycle) that naturally create and destroy accruals, while the correctional component identifies management choices.