Gender and Leadership Style

Gender and Leadership Style Introduction Leadership has had a great impact on the culture, history, and civilization of humankind, thus theoretical explanations for it have been extended throughout the history. Although the term leadership is mostly related with industry and business, it is important to education as well. Therefore it is vital to understand the role of leaders in education and to investigate the impact of gender on leadership style. Despite the large number of female teachers across all levels (i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary), leadership positions are still held mainly by men. Cooper et al. (2000) stated that qualified women educators provide important resource for meeting current and impending school leadership shortages but are often ignored. Meanwhile Young and McLeod (2001) identified that womens entrance into educational leadership will depends on their career aspirations, their leadership orientations or styles, the particular exposure to transformational leadership, their experiences, and the support they gain when entering administration. This section will include early leadership theories, the roles of school leader, relationship between leadership and gender, female leadership styles, differences between leadership styles of men and women, gender stereotypes, prejudice against female leaders and the summary of this chapter. Early Leadership Theories In the early 18th centuries, philosophers recommended a theory of leadership which was termed the Great Man theory. According to Jani (2008), this theory assumed that leaders are born and not made. Whereby leaders usually were members from the aristocracy since they only got a chance to lead; hence, it was considered that good breeding contributed to great leaders. Besides that, this theory also states that when there is a great need, then a great leader arises, like Buddha, Jesus, Churchill and Eisenhower. During that era, women were not taken into account as possible leaders. Even from the name given to this theory illustrates that women were not perceived as leaders, and leadership research during this period were related solely to males. Trait theories were introduced in the year 1904 and were well known up to 1947 (Bass, 1990). This theory assumed that people are born with inherited traits whereby some traits are particularly suited to leadership. It is believed that people who make good leaders have the right combination of traits. And once again, these traits were thought to be inborn, and unique to leaders. Trait theories basically described traits in masculine terms, and these characteristics were considered crucial for successful leadership. In the 1900s, small numbers of women began to enter the workforce. However, only very small proportions of women took up leadership positions in the 1940s. Typically, women were seen as carers, assistants, teachers, or nurses rather than leaders during this period of time (Koziara et al., 1987). Therefore, females were not seen as appropriate in the role of leadership. Soon after the 1940s, researchers began to propose that traits alone were not sufficient to explain effective leadership. They proposed that the interaction of leaders and followers, as well as other situational factors, may be a significant factor in effective leadership. At this stage, leaders were no longer considered to possess inborn characteristics and abilities hence Gardner (1989) proposed a new way of conceptualizing leadership. He said that men learn to lead therefore there is no one that are born to be a leader. This philosophy lead to the behavioural theories of leadership in the 1930s and the perspective began to move from a belief in the inborn characteristics of leaders, to a focus on behaviour which could be acquired or learned. There were four main behavioural studies conducted in conjunction with this theory. Firstly, the University of Iowa researchers which isolated three behavioural dimensions; these were the democratic, autocratic, and laissez-faire styles. Secondly, a study by Ohio State University in the 1940s and 1950s. They advanced this body of thought by dividing the behavioural theories into two dimensions which they termed consideration and initiating structure. Consideration was explained as being considerate towards followers ideas and feelings while initiating structure referred to structuring work relationship to meet job goals. The third study was conducted by the University of Michigan which described employee oriented and production oriented dimensions. The findings of this study concluded that employee-oriented employers promoted high group productivity and job satisfaction amongst their employees (Kahn and Katz, 1960). These concepts were extended in 1964, when Blake and Mouton proposed a Managerial Grid. They proposed that by incorporating the two dimensions of concern for people and concern for production the most effective way of leading could be achieved (Blake and Mouton, 1964). All these behavioural theories were proposed in the early 1930s, but only achieved prominence in the 1960s at a time when the number of women in positions of power or authority in organisations were still low. The proportion of women in leadership roles in the USA in 1970, ten years after the behavioural theories were introduced, was only 16 per cent. Moreover, this percentage of women involved in a leadership role was reported to be constant for over a decade (Powell, 1999). However, during this period of research, there was an emerging recognition of the importance of concern for people in the behavioural theories as being an effective leadership quality. A concern for people could be seen as behaviour more typically associated with female. Subsequently, the leadership theories moved on to embrace both individual traits and situational aspects of leadership simultaneously (Bass, 1990). Successful leadership was considered to be dependent on the leaders consideration of situational factors in order for an appropriate leadership style to be chosen to cope with each situation. This theory assumes that the action of a leader depends on a number of situational factors, such as motivation and capability of followers, relationship between the leader and the followers, stress, mood, and etc. Yukl (1989) has identified six situational factors namely, subordinate effort, subordinate ability, organization of the work, cooperation and cohesiveness, resources and support, and external coordination. Situational theories would have predominantly been seen as applying to males in leadership roles because of the low profile of women in management during that time, and it can be assumed that the profile of women in management would not h ave been advanced in any significant way from this body of literature. Additional theories began to be available with mostly focused on the specific leadership styles of leaders, in an attempt to increase the understanding of what constituted effective leadership. These concepts relating to leadership styles were introduced in 1938 by Lewin and Lippitt. They suggested that leaders vary in the way they led in organisations. They proposed three styles of leadership. Firstly, autocratic leaders were originally described as leaders who used their power and their ability to persuade in leading their followers. An autocratic leader was also illustrated as a directive leader. The autocratic style of leadership was not been associated with female gender stereotypical characteristics. The second leadership style was named democratic leadership. This style was explained as a style whereby the leader pursued an open and follower oriented relationship. Leaders who take on this style encouraged followers to establish their own strategies, provided them with a perspective by explaining in advance the procedures for accomplishing the goals, and granted the followers independence to commence their own tasks and congratulating them if they succeed. According to Bass (1990), this leadership style originated from America, and leaders adopting this style were described as caring, considerate, and easy to compromise. This is the first kind of research which was seen to be more favourably aligned to feminine characteristics as compared to masculine characteristics. However, as mentioned previously, during the era when leadership style theories reached prominence, there were still limited women holding leadership positions. As research on gender difference in leadership styles did not occur until 1990, it would appear that the theories on leadership styles would have been written to illustrate male behaviour in leadership roles. Nevertheless, it could be argued that the theories on leadership styles began to raise the profile of women in leadership. This early leadership research may have changed insights about the suitability of women in leadership positions, as a democratic style of leadership could be attributed to both male and female leaders. The third leadership style was described as laissez-faire leadership. The term laissez-faire means to let others act without interference or better known as the hands off style. Laissez-faire leaders were thought to have less confidence in their decision-making responsibility, or in their capability to manage, often avoiding meeting with their subordinates (Bass, 1990). Similar to previous theories, these researches was studied in a male context, probably because of the small numbers of women in leadership roles at that time. In short, all of the theories reviewed portrayed leadership implicitly or explicitly as a male prerogative, and the small numbers of women in leadership positions during the respective periods confirms that the role of leaders was largely seen as a male domain. Not unpredictably, all the researchers and writers on early leadership were men and hence the years of leadership research reflect a male dominance. Denmark (1993), reflected that by ignoring gender as a variable in studying leadership, researchers created many blanks in theoretical and research design. However, gender has begun to be a consideration in the literature in the late 1970s. Gender difference research began to report on differences in behaviour, attitudes, and skills between males and females in general and was subsequently extended to consider abilities such as leadership. The Roles of School Leaders The role of the school leader in successful schools has gone beyond the traditional view of functional management, power, behaviour style, and instructional leadership. In the past, the job of school leader was considered as primarily managerial, however nowadays the realities of our global society have shifted the focus from management to leadership. According to Kowalski, (2003) an effective school administrator typically must be both a manager and a leader. Todays school leaders face more complex expectations. They face a very different student population. At a time when many view the schools as one of the few social organizations, students arrive with very different attitudes, motivations, and needs than students of todays generations (Young and Kochan, 2004). International research indicates that successful schools have leaders who creates a productive and professional school culture (Stoll, 1999), have a clear vision (Fullan, 2003), are knowledgeable about teaching and learning (Wesson and Grady, 1993) and protect schools from demands that make it difficult for schools to operate on a professional basis (Normore, 2004). As for school leaders in less successful schools, they seem to view their role to be more that of a middle manager. While leaders in highly successful schools perceive themselves as educational leaders (Normore, 2004) who contribute to school improvement and school effectiveness (Mortimore and MacBeath, 2001). Effective school leaders are vital to change and improvement, and are clear on expectations for student learning (Fullan, 2003). Expectations of nowadays school leaders include new knowledge and skill for instructional leadership, discipline, supervision, fundraising, and public relations expertise (Shuttleworth, 2003). More responsibility has been added to the job over the years causing some of the best school leaders to slow down until the extent that they have lost much of their leadership, rather than management quality (Normore, 2004; Shuttleworth, 2003; Simkins, 2003). Relationship between Leadership and Gender According to Oshagbemi and Gill (2003), the relationship between gender role and leadership style is the association of masculinity with task-oriented leadership styles and femininity with relationship-oriented styles. This relationship is not so precise for women. Jamieson developed the concept of femininity and masculinity in the year 1995 where behaving feminine is associated with incompetence and behaving masculine is associated with competency. If the masculine model represents the general and dominant model of leadership, women understand that in order to escalate the ranks they have to conform to it (Fernandes and Cabral-Cardoso, 2003). In other words, the same influence strategies that proved to be successful for men are continually used by women too. The main strategy is to develop behaviors feminine enough not to diverge from the gender role expectation, but masculine enough to gain credibility as professionals; in simple terms, women have to create their own leadership sty les. As Gardner (1995) said Leadership is never guaranteed; it must always be renewed. Female Leadership Styles Earlier thinking emphasized that women who had reached leadership positions were imitators of male characteristics, but contemporary theories recognize feminine leadership styles. Like any new trend in traditional settings, it takes years to develop new styles until these styles are understood and well accepted. Women face several barriers that prevent them from involving in leadership positions. Obstacles with this origin have been described as the glass ceiling as a metaphor that halts women in moving up the career ladder at a certain point (Oakley, 2000). Nonetheless, the increasing involvement of women in the labor market in the last half century, and their movement to managerial positions has changed the definition of leadership (Kark, 2004). Rosener (1990) believed that female leadership tends towards a style defined as interactive leadership that involves: encouraging participation; sharing power and information; enhancing self-worth; changing self interests for an overall good; relating power to interpersonal skills; and believing in better performance when feeling good. Women leaders in education need to find the leadership styles that, without denying its feminine origins, result in efficiency. The redefinition of characteristics of an effective school leader, following the current trends of organizational leadership, will help erase gender stereotypes and focus on desirable characteristics that candidates (men or women) bring to the position (Logan, 1998). Differences in the Leadership Styles of Men and Women One possible explanation of gender gap in leadership is that women are deficient in the characteristics and behaviors that are crucial to effective leadership. However, contrary to the idea that women are less suited to leadership than men, Eagly, Alice H., and Marloes L. van Engen (2004) have described female leaders as having cooperative, interactive, and facilitative leadership styles that are more attuned to the needs of modern organizations than the leadership styles that of men. Empirical research has observed such claims about the typical leadership styles of men and women. To determine whether men and women differ in leadership styles, Alice Eagly and Blair Johnson (2004) carried out a meta-analysis of 162 studies that were conducted between 1961 and 1987. Most of these studies distinguished between task-oriented leadership (a style that emphasizes subordinates to follow rules and procedures, maintaining high standards of performance, and making roles explicit) and interpersonally oriented leadership (a style that emphasizes helping subordinates, looking out for their welfare, explaining procedures, and being friendly and available). Besides that, some studies distinguished between leaders who behave democratically and invite subordinates to participate in decision making, known as participative or democratic leadership, and leaders who behave autocratically and discourage subordinates from participating in decision making, known directive or autocratic le adership. Eagly and Johnsons meta-analysis found that the leadership styles of women and men were somewhat stereotypical. In these laboratory and assessment studies, women, more than men, tended to manifest relatively towards interpersonally oriented styles, and men, more than women, tended to display relatively task-oriented styles. In contrast, gender differences in task and interpersonal style were insignificant among leaders occupying managerial roles in organizations. These findings were consistent with the principle that gender differences are lower among managers because male and female managers are selected by similar criteria and subjected to similar organizational socialization. However, in all these studies, one difference did consistently appear: Women leaders displayed a somewhat more democratic or participative style and a less autocratic or directive style than men did. In the twenty-three studies comparing men and women on the democratic versus autocratic dimension, 92 percent went in the direction of a more democratic and participative style among women. In the 1980s and 1990s, researchers identified a type of leadership style that is commonly known as transformational leadership, which is similar to contemporary models of leadership known as visionary, charismatic, and inspirational. The importance of these models is on the ability of the leaders to inspire, stimulate, and motivate followers and to nurture their ability to contribute creatively to the organizational goals. Transformational leadership are differ from transactional leadership, which is a more conventional style that stresses clarifying subordinate responsibilities and using rewards and punishments to encourage subordinates to meet objectives of the organization. Also acknowledged by some researchers is laissez-faire style that is characterized by a general failure to take responsibility for managing or better known as the hands off style. To determine whether male and female leaders differ when evaluated in terms of these new distinctions, Eagly, along with social psychologists Mary Johannesen-Schmidt and Marloes van Engen, carried out a meta-analysis of 45 studies that compared male and female managers on the measures of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership. These studies involved organizational leaders, mainly from business and educational organizations. The meta-analysis revealed that female leaders were more transformational than male leaders and also exceeded male leaders on one component of transactional leadership which is contingent reward behaviors, which consist of rewarding subordinates for doing a good job. Women also exceeded men on the transformational dimension of individualized consideration, which relates to developing and mentoring followers. In contrast, men were more likely than women to display two other aspects of transactional leadership which are active management by ex ception and passive management by exception. Active management by exception refers to attending to followers mistakes and failures to meet standards, while passive management by exception refer to waiting until problems become severe before attending to them. Men, more than women, also displayed laissez-faire leadership, which means they are uninvolved during critical moment. In summary, research has established some small differences in the behavior of male and female leaders. Specifically, women tend to be more democratic and less autocratic than men, a difference that does not yield an overall advantage for either gender. More important for effectiveness are womens tendencies to engage in transformational style and to deliver more rewards for followers good performance. These behaviors have been related with enhanced effectiveness across a wide variety of settings. Consequently, empirical research does not support the thought that the leadership styles of women account for their lesser success in rising into higher-level of leadership positions. Gender Stereotypes Women have traditionally been stereotyped as more socially sensitive and interpersonally competent than men (Korabik 1999). In various studies, the traditional stereotype of women included attributes such as being less competent and less effective in tasks that are required for work outside of home (Glick and Fiske 1999), nurturing, compassionate, considerate, weak, and subservient (Bem 1974), and emotional, subjective, tactful, aware of others feelings, and having feelings that are easily hurt (Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, and Rosenkrantz 1972). Stereotypes linked with men, on the other hand, typically included traits such as leaders, dominant, aggressive, independent, objective, and competitive (Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, and Rosenkrantz 1972). These gender stereotypes broaden into almost every facet of daily life for both men and women. People interpret communications and speech characteristics through gender stereotypes (Tannen 1990, 2001). Research has also demonstrated that gender stereotypes regarding communication patterns and styles develop early and continue on through adulthood. Other aspects of interpersonal interactions are subjected to gender stereotypes as well. Eagly and Karau (1991) demonstrated that overall, men were perceived as being more capable and were more readily accepted as leaders when they acted in a confident and assertive manner. Although the nature of the task moderated this relationship, men were more likely than women to be thought of as leaders (Eagly and Karau 1991). For women, the same qualifications of assertiveness and confidence could be harmful when they are faced with traditional gender stereotypes. Carli and Eagly (1999) in their summary of the research on influence and leadership emergence highlighted the barriers that faces by women in leadership. Studies conducted in the United States have demonstrated that self-efficacy and self-promotion are beneficial in hiring and promotion practices for men. However, women who engaged in these behaviors as undesirable (Rudman 1998). Therefore, gender stereotypes play a critical role in limiting the opportunities for women to emerge as leaders by decreasing womens access to leadership roles and increasing the obstacles they must overcome in order to become leaders (Eagly and Karau 2002). When women and men leaders behaviors and styles are reviewed, typically one of these paradigms is employed. Eagly and Johnsons (1990) meta-analysis research demonstrated that across studies, no difference was found in the perception of men and women leaders. However, they did report a small but significant finding in which women leaders were perceived as being more participative as compare to their men counterparts. They also highlighted that the source of the perception (self or subordinates) may play an important role on the results. In addition, factors such as the gender of the author, the type of study, and the date of the study had some moderating effects on the results. More recently, Eagly and colleagues have reported meta-analytic results regarding the role of leaders gender in transactional and transformational leadership styles (Eagly, Johannesen-Schimdt, van Engen, and Vinkenburg 2003). These studies found that women leaders, when compared to the males, were perceived as slightly but significantly more likely to engage in transformational behaviors. They also found that men leaders, when compared to the women leaders, were perceived as more transactional leaders. Therefore, it could be concluded that men and women are perceived somewhat differently due to the presence of traditional gender stereotypes. Prejudices against Female Leaders Prejudice against women as leaders is at least partly responsible for the lack of women in leadership positions. Prejudice arises because peoples common views about what a manager or a leader is like do not fit their ideas about women as well as they fit their ideas about men. This inconsistency can be examined in terms of social roles of women, men, and leaders. These role expectations are called descriptive because they indicate what behaviors members of a particular social category might display. Role expectations are also called injunctive because they include consensual expectations about what group members ideally should do. Gender roles are understood as socially shared beliefs about the typical attributes of women and men. According to social role theory, these roles emerge from the societal division of labor between the genders. The underlying principle is that the perceivers infer that peoples actions tend to correspond to their internal dispositions, a cognitive process that has been labeled correspondent inference or correspondence bias. Specifically, the common, nurturing behaviors required by womens domestic and child-care roles and by many female-dominated occupational roles favor inferences that women do possess and should possess common traits. Similarly, the confident, task-oriented activities required by many male-dominated occupations and the breadwinner family role create expectations that men do possess and should possess agentic traits, such as unselfishness, concern for others, and expressiveness, as well as traits such as masterfulness, self-assuredness, and instrumental competency. In general, prejudice in the workplace may arise from the irregularity people perceive between particular workplace roles and the attributes attributed to individuals based on their group membership. Most leadership roles are characterized primarily by agentic attributes and are therefore different with the predominantly common characteristics attributed to women. Although it might seem that gender should be irrelevant in the workplace, it spills over to affect opinions of employees. The resulting incongruity of the female gender role and leadership roles leads not only to decreased prospect that women can be successful leaders, but also to less favorable evaluations of leadership when it is enacted by a woman compared with a man, as shown in many studies that were summarized by Eagly and social psychologist Steven Karau in 2002. Several types of research have shown that women have fewer accesses to leadership roles than men do. Economist Joyce Jacobsens review showed that most studies of actual income and promotion supported the claim of discrimination against women in general and female managers in particular, albeit on a decreasing basis over the years. As shown in a meta-analysis by psychologists Heather Davison and Michael Burke, experiments in which participants evaluated female and male job candidates who were experimentally equated supported the narrower claim of prejudice as a disadvantage for women in relation to male gendertyped positions, which would include most leadership roles. Other studies, such as those by sociologist Martha Foschi, showed that women usually have to meet higher standard to be judged as being competent and possessing leadership ability. In addition, Eagly and Karaus 1991 meta-analysis demonstrated that it is usually less likely that women emerge as leaders in groups, especial ly if the groups task is not particularly demanding of interpersonal skill or is otherwise relatively masculine. Research also has proved the prediction that women have more obstacles to overcome in becoming successful in leadership roles. Specifically, as demonstrated in a meta-analysis by Alice Eagly, Steven Karau, and social psychologist Mona Makhijani, studies of leaders effectiveness, it demonstrated that leaders performed less effectively when the leader role that they occupied was incongruent with their gender role. Women suffered diminished outcomes in roles given especially with masculine definitions, and men suffered somewhat diminished outcomes in roles given with more feminine definitions. As shown in a meta-analysis by Alice Eagly, Mona Makhijani, and social psychologist Bruce Klonsky, more definitive support emerged in an experimental research paradigm that removed possible differences in the leadership behavior of women and men by comparing this behavior. More ultimate support emerged in an experimental research framework that removed possible differences in the leadership behavi or of women and men by equating this behavior. In these studies women fared slightly less well than men did. More important, just as in studies on leaders effectiveness, women fared less well than men did when leader roles were male dominated and when men served as evaluators. In synopsis, pressures to female leaders come from two directions: Conforming closely to their gender role would produce a failure to meet the requirements of their leader role, and conforming closely to their leader role would produce a failure to meet the requirements of their gender role. The latter pressure can result in the prejudicial outcome of receiving lesser rewards for appropriate leader behavior than an equivalent man would receive. In this sense, female leaders face more challenges not encountered by male leaders, especially in leadership roles that are defined in relatively masculine terms. Chapter Summary In conclusion, the outlook for womens involvement in leadership in the twenty-first century is promising as more women enter leadership roles in industrialized nations and thereby reduce the difference between peoples beliefs about women and about leaders. Furthermore, organizations gain from giving women equal access to leader roles, not only because evidence shows that women are at least as effective as men, but also because gender equality increases the pool of potential candidates from which leaders are chosen.

Crime and Punishment in Ancient Greece Essay

Today, criminals are punished for their crimes by going to jail or prison or being on probation. But what was it like in Ancient Greece? After the Dark Ages, about 1200-900 BC, the Ancient Greeks had no official laws or punishments. Murders were settled by the victims family killing the murderer, but this was difficult if they were elderly or female. This often began endless blood feuds. It was not until the seventh century BC that the Greeks began to establish laws. Around 620 BC, Draco wrote the first law for Greece. This law said that exile was the penalty for murder and was the only one of Draco’s laws that Solon kept when he became law giver in 594 BC. Foreign slaves were often employed as police men and women in Ancient Greece. After somebody reported a crime, if somebody was arrested, an informant would receive half of fine charged to the criminal. In Athens, criminals were tried before a jury of 200 or more citizens picked at random. Going to prison was not an usual punishment for the people of Greece. In cases involving rape, theft, adultery, and murder, the accused got a written summons that told them when they had to appear before the magistrate. Athenian law was divided into two things, public and private action. Public actions included the entire community. Private actions included an individual. In cases of murder, the victims family was required to prosecute the killer. Even though magistrates were at the trial, they weren’t judges. They neither gave advice nor did they convict the felon. They just supervised the hearing. The jury in a trial was made up of 200-600 members over the age of thirty to make sure there was no risk or bribery. After the speeches had been delivered by the prosecution and the defense, the jurors voted without deliberation. In the 5th century BC, jurors cast their vote in secret. Each juror was provided with two tokens, one for conviction and the other for acquittal. The juror put one of these in a wooden urn whose tokens were disregarded, and the other in a bronze urn whose votes were counted. Judgement was passed on a majority verdict. In the 5th century B. C. , a tie meant an acquittal. In the following century, old-numbered juries were the norm and that is the custom today. In Ancient Rome the slaves had no rights at all. They were thought of and treated like merchandise. However, slaves did cost money to buy so many of the punishments did not inflict lasting damage. The lash was the most common punishment. When slaves were beaten, they were suspended with a weight tied to their feet, so they wouldn’t be able to move them. Another punishment was to be branded in the forehead. An alternative punishment included the slave being forced to carry a piece of wood around their necks wherever they went. This was called furca; and whichever slave had had been punish with this was called furcifer all the time after that. Slaves were also, by way of punishment, often kept in a work-house, or house of correction, where they had to turn a mill for grinding corn. When punished for any capital offense, they were commonly crucified; but this was eventually prohibited under the rule of the Emperor Constantine. In Rome, the punishments for death are beheading, strangling in prison, throwing a criminal from the Tarpeian rock, crucifixion, burying a person alive, or throwing a criminal in the river (patricide). Throwing a criminal in the river was inflicted for killing your father. The criminal was immediately blindfolded as unworthy of the light, and in the next place the person were taken to the field of Mars outside Rome, stripped of everything then whipped with rods. He was then sewed up in a sack, and thrown into the sea. Later in time, to add to the punishment for patricide, a serpent was put in the sack; and still later, an ape, a dog and a cock. The sack which held the criminal was called Culeus, on which account the punishment itself is often signified by the same name. There are eight kinds of punishments, fine, fetters, flogging, retaliation of kind, civil disgrace, banishment, slavery, and death. Punishments in Ancient Rome were very harsh and violent and they are unlike the laws today.

Earthquake in Japan Essay

On March 11, 2011, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded hit Japan’s eastern coast. It killed hundreds of people as it made its way through the streets and fields, sweeping away boats, cars and homes. Its magnitude was 8.9, releasing a 23-foot tsunami and then provoking more than 50 aftershocks for hours. This horrific event resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and devastated entire towns. The amount of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami was excessive, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. Thousands of families were left without electricity. Many nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake. Cell phones and landline services suffered major disruptions so many people weren’t able to communicate with their relatives across the country. Japan’s transportation was also affected. Expressways were damaged; cars and trucks were swept away by the tsunami and railway services cancelled. The earthquake was caused by an uplift of the sea floor, where the Pacific tectonic plate slides beneath the plate Japan sits on. This motion pulls the upper plate down until the stress builds up enough to cause a seismic event. Tons of miles of crust ruptured along the area where the tectonic plates meet. Since the earthquake occurred at a very shallow depth, much of its energy was released at the seafloor, therefore causing the tsunami that devastated Japan and causing chaos among the Japanese community. Even though Japan was said to be â€Å"prepared† for a natural disaster such as a tsunami by building protective walls, the large size of the water surge was completely unexpected. The tsunami walls were built based on much smaller tsunami heights recorded in the past. To the surprise of the Japanese people, the tsunami simply washed over the top of the seawalls, collapsing some in the process. The tsunami also caused a number of nuclear accidents. Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered explosions due cooling system failure. The tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to severe problems such as large explosions and radioactive leakage. It has been almost a year since the devastating 9.0 earthquake and tsunami destroyed coastal communities in northern Japan killing more than 15,000 people. What struck me the most about this tragedy is the reaction of the Japanese community and picturing what it would have been like to be present at that moment. I can simply imagine the terror in people’s faces trying to survive and doing everything they could to save their families and themselves. Even though thousands of people died, those who lived through this horrible experience can count with our total support and help from those who could not do anything at the moment and simply watched as Mother Nature, once again, did its job.

My Name Is Moonstone, And This Is My Story - 2686 Words

My name is Moonstone, and this is my story. â€Å"Spirit, wait up!† I called, racing outside to greet my best friend. She wore purple everyday. Her shirt was purple with yellow flowers and she was wearing black pants, and of course, the blue scarf around her sightless eyes. â€Å"Hi.† She said back. I kicked some dust, bored. â€Å"Did you clean your necklace like I told you too?† She said. I sighed. â€Å"Yes, I did. The black and red almost glows, it’s so clean.† Spirit smiled, and held out hers, it was a swirl of blues and greens, shining brightly. â€Å"So, Spirit, what are we planning on doing today?† I asked. She didn’t answer. â€Å"Spirittttttt?† I repeated. She shook her head. â€Å"Great, now I’m worried. Spirit, what’s wrong?† I said, my tone as soft as possible, but to my disappointment, there was a hint of annoyance. Well, it’s not my fault everyday there s something wrong. Ugh. There was a long silence, and then; â€Å"Someone knows.† Her voice was as soft and quiet as falling leaves. I stared at her. Know about what? Who? That she ran over a ant while riding her bike? Ughhhhhhhh. â€Å"The Necklace. They know about it’s power. I can feel it, Moonstone. And it’s someone who will do anything to take it.† She keep talking. â€Å"I can tell what he looks like somehow. He has black and red hair, and a long hoodie with a eclipse on it. He wears long pants and is a thief who’s never failed. Moonstone, we’re in trouble!† She cried. I looked down at my white shoes stained with the red dust. â€Å"Does he know aboutShow MoreRelated The Moonstone Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesWilkie Collins portrayal of a cursed diamond in The Moonstone, this Victorian era detective fiction book is still recognized globally today. Although, this novel was written in the nineteenth century Collin effortlessly distinguished the novel for viewers of all ages. The novel is not only a detective fiction but also has some elements of action and romance. Collins not only writes novels but also poetry and has been recognized internationally for all his work. Collins can with ease characterizeRead MoreUndeniably, The Foremost Element Of Mystery And Detective1529 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscovery. The most familiar and general plot found is the genre is a simple one: an unknown situation or event is presented and, through investigation or curiosity, an explanation is found. While many circumstances can be applied to this formula, the main appeal of such stories consist in finding out... the true o rder and meaning of events that have been part disclosed and part concealed (Barzun 144) Consequently, it is no surprise that the most enduring characters of these works are the detective figuresRead MoreA Comparison And Contrast Of The Story The Perfect Life 919 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison and Contrast of the Story â€Å"The Perfect Life† by Rebecca Rodriguez Introduction This paper compares and contrasts different views The Story â€Å"The Perfect Life† by Divakaruni. Chitra Banerjee, This story was created out of a need for explanations about the meaning of real life relationships. According to Meera, â€Å"this story explores the cultural complexities facing Asian Indian Americans who maintain strong family ties with India. But the story s most intense focus is on the mother-childRead More Charles Dickens Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish writer that ever lived. He was one of the most popular writers in the history of literature. Surely no English author is so well known and so widely read, translated and remembered as Charles Dickens. He fame is well deserved. From the pen of this great author came such characters as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bob Cratchit and Tiny Tim, Mr. Pickwick, and Little Nett. Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth and spent most of his childhood in London and Kent, both of whichRead MoreComparing Mormon Temple Rituals to Wicca Rituals Essay2398 Words   |  10 PagesRituals, Beliefs, Symbols Comparing Mormon with Wicca Contrasting with The Bible Is there one God or are there many gods? Is there God or are there gods and goddesses? What about the afterlife? What lies ahead for those who pass on from this world? Will they go through pearly gates, become a ruler of their own planet, or come back as a spirit guide to those left here on earth? Although the beliefs of the Mormon Church are comparative with other Christian religions, they also share several

The Theory Of Everything By Stephen Hawking - 1566 Words

The general consensus in the academic world is that knowledge is power that can solve humanity’s problems. Sometimes, it is clouded by greed, or it lights the way for a better humanity. Scientists experiment to prove new theories, artists sculpt to express emotion and theologians study to provide interpretations of biblical stories. Therein lies the problem, while society is always searching for knowledge, to date there is no singular â€Å"foolproof† method of obtaining it. In the movie â€Å"The Theory of Everything,† Stephen Hawking has a â€Å"eureka† moment when pulling a sweater over his head and seeing flames through the material. In this case, it seemed that serendipity played a role in his search for truth. This led me to wonder, to what extent is the discovery of knowledge a matter of serendipity that can then go on to solve problems? While an exploration of whether knowledge is produced only to solve problems in the Natural Sciences may be mor e obvious, its application to Mathematics and Indigenous Knowledge may draw some interesting observations. Knowledge can be produced using a variety of different methods. However, in the natural sciences sense perception through observation is used primarily. This can be seen through the work of researchers who often observe the results of experiments and trends in order to analyze different phenomena and perspectives. While there are many scientific methods based on scientific thinking using logic and predictability, the idea thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Stephen Hawking Biography1328 Words   |  6 Pagesminds of millions. His theories have baffled the minds of great thinkers. His discoveries break the laws of which we thought governed the universe. He is a man whose work has changed the ways we look at the universe, our galaxy, our solar-system, and our planet. His name is Stephen Hawking. He has written many books, attended two universities, and is a renowned scientist. From conception to the present, Stephen Hawking has lived a very interesting life. Stephen William Hawking was born to Frank andRead MoreEssay on The Existence of Black Holes1308 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore I was introduced to a scientist by the name of Stephen Hawking. The introduction was very informal. In fact, I have never even seen him. My first introduction to Stephens theories came when I read a popular book that Stephen wrote called A Brief History of Time, in this book he attempts to explain some of his most complicated theories. These include the topics of black holes, imaginary time, and the origin of the universe. Stephen is the front runner in his field. 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His attempts to identify a grand unification theory that unites everything we know about the physical world and science far exceeds any realm of thinking that has ever graced this earth. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. He spent most of his childhood in and around London, and was always a bit of a self-educator. He was interested in the stars, and his family used to lie outRead MoreA Brief Note On The Ice Bucket Challenge1825 Words   |  8 Pagesand happens to be the other name people refer this disease as. I answered with â€Å"Stephen Hawking†, and people would give me a bewildered look as if asking me â€Å"who the heck is that?† I would stare back in absolute shock and little bit of horror, because honestly, who has not heard of the man that basically theorized black holes and extended Einstein’s idea of general relativity with quantum physics theory. Stephen Hawking, who is a little less than a god, is â€Å"arguably the most famous scientist aliveRead Moreâ€Å"How can we understand the world in which we find ourselves?† In The Grand Design, a 2010 book700 Words   |  3 Pagestheoretical physicist Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, two authors claim that they have found a philosophical approach – Model Dependent Realism (MDR) – as the solution to this fundamental question of philosophy. Combining the ideas raised from methodology of mathematics and Physics, MDR leads a possible path to reconcile the uncertain nature of modern science and the idealistic pursuit of absolute truth – perhaps the theory of everything (TOE). According to Hawking and Leonard, Model DependentRead MoreEssay on A Brief History Of Time by Stephen Hawking1532 Words   |  7 PagesA brief history of time by Stephen Hawking is a novel about the known range of time from the big bang up to black holes. Hawking talks about different theories and how they have changed over time from Copernicus to himself. He combines all known physics and astrophysics and displays them quickly and simply. He states that the goal of science is to able to accurately describe the universe in one theory. As he tells about theories that have disproved other theories of that time, it is proof that scienceRead MoreThe Greatest Heroes Of Stephen Hawking1999 Words   |  8 Pagesquote from the famous Stephen Hawking, which shows that intelligence is not measured by how much you know, but rather by what you do with what you know. Stephen Hawking has continually showed the many characteristics of a hero through his life, even while fighting with amyotro phic lateral sclerosis. Stephen Hawking grew up in England and was diagnosed with ALS at a very young age. However, he did not let this stop him from shaking the foundations of science forever. Stephen Hawking is considered one

The Era Of The 1920s - 2434 Words

The 1920s was a pivotal era in women’s fashion—an era that saw Prohibition, Jazz and celebration of war’s end. Gone was the hourglass figure of the 19th Century, swept away by the World War I, and replaced by the figure of a modern, independent woman. This book covers fashions from 1920 to 1924, an often overlooked period of fashion which was a time of transition between the draped and layered fashions of the post World War I era and the free and easy gowns of the jazz age flapper. Before the Roaring Twenties, women were still wearing floor-length dresses with corsets, and crinolines, arms and legs were covered, hair was long. This Gibson girl look was set the standard for beauty, fashion and manner. And the Victorian attitudes toward dress and etiquette created a strict moral climate. Until 1920s things changed quickly, the women was given the right to vote, they began to attend college. The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed in 1923. The World War I was over and men wanted their jobs back. Women, though, who had taken up men’s jobs while they were at war, had proved themselves worthy of men’s jobs, so many organizations and feminist reformers took up the task to encourage gender equality. Many important things happened in the 1920’s like prohibition and jazz music. Something that is also very significant is that this was the decade where fashion began entering a modern era. After decades of Victorian style, clothing such as corsets and petticoat, fashion was finallyShow MoreRelatedThe New Era: America in the 1920s700 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica in the 1920’s was called the new era. It is called a new era because it became a turning point in American society, and marked a separation from the 19th century and the 20th century. We soon begin to develop our own social norms, music, and culture as we evolve into a modern nation. The 1920s was also a time of significant economic, political, and social change. The new era economy reflected the industrialization that the country had just undergone. Although there was a recession fromRead MoreProhibition During The Era Of 1920-1933 Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesProhibition Essay: By: Savannah Crawford During the era of 1920-1933 could best be characterized as the path to a sober nation. This time of history consisted of the eighteenth amendment which was passed on October 28th 1919; Volstead Act. The Volstead act was created to carry out the movement of prohibition. In addition, Prohibition is the legal prohibiting of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic drinks for common consumption according to dictionary.com. Furthermore, this amendment concurs thatRead MoreThe Progressive Era During The 1920 S973 Words   |  4 PagesThe progressive era during the 1890’s and 1920’s in the Unites States saw an economic expansion with the aid of the industrial capitalists, a growing population with immigrants coming to the United States seeking a better life through labor with American industrialization, and government corruption being eliminated progressively by political reforms like the Sherman Antitrust Act. This era also had complications such as racial tension between immi grants, poor working and living conditions amongstRead MoreThe 1920S Were An Influential Era In American History For1413 Words   |  6 Pages The 1920s were an influential era in American history for the development of women’s rights and ideals following World War I. The concept of the perfect housewife was being more widely rejected as women began to work outside the home, provide for themselves, and vote. It was a time in which young women could express themselves more freely than ever before. The drinking of alcohol and the smoking of cigarettes became more widely acceptable for females to do in public. Women would cut their hair shortRead MoreThe life and accomplishments of Al Capone during the prohibition era in the 1920s.2535 Words   |  11 PagesDuring the prohibition era of the 1920s, if one wasnt an enemy of Alphonse (Al) Scarface Capone, was he, in many eyes, a hero? Due to his savvy street smarts and the corrupt rebellion of the decade, Al Capone was not only a popular commentary of the time, but is now a legend. His classic boy from the ghetto turned generous multi-millionaire story only adds to the heroism seen in this most famous Chicago mobster. Chicagos industries, open spaces and four seasons were an enormous magnet for theRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Current Era of Globalization with the First Age of Globalization (1850s-1920s). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Its Current Context?1720 Words   |  7 Pagesname: Hyde Zhu Student number: 220089143 Course code: MM202 Assignment question: topic 1 Compare and contrast the current era of globalization with the first age of globalization (1850s-1920s). What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in its current context? Word count: 1530   Unit Coordinator: Dr Tony Ramsay I am going to contrast the current era of globalization with the first age of globalization in many different aspects, in the mean time analysis the merits and demeritsRead MoreThe Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe era of the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20’s, was a revolutionary time in which radical changes struck the American nation, drastically increasing advances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time period brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentationRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Technology During The 1920s And 1930s1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of 1920s and 1930s media and technology was extremely influential upon the period of time immediately after. Media in the 1920- 30s and its relevance to the years that followed, focusing on the western world. Through the journalism and writing movements during the era, new technology was exposed to the public and impacted events in the years that followed. The term technology can also apply to machinery, medicine and weaponry; however, none of them corresponded with the changes toRead MoreThe Changes in the Role of Women throughout Different Eras1381 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of women changes tremendously throughout several eras. Women in the Puritan era are restricted to most rights in which men have, while women in the 1920s are more independent and rebellious against communal standing. In the Puritan era, the rights of women are from dreadfully restrictive to none. Puritan women are personified to be women who continually do what they are told, otherwise known as being â€Å"the good wife.† Later in the Victorian era, women began to feel imprisoned because they have suchRead MoreThe Street Empire9 16 Words   |  4 Pages The United States has had its share of economic prosperity, but none as thriving as the 1920s era, labeled the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. The 1920s era saw great political and social change to the United States society. The US economy blossomed, and the nations total wealth more than doubled in the 1920s era. As a result of this social and political change as well as the success of the economy, transformed many Americans into a consumer society. The great economic success during the time period also

Life Cycle Environmental and Economic †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Life Cycle Environmental and Economic. Answer: Introduction: The Holden Company is a historical figure in the Australian automotive industry and has been doing business for the past one and a half decades. The company launched its first car model called the 48-215 in the year 1948, which was an immediate success in the automotive market of Australia. The company became an integral part of the people within the country and the name is often associated with its own status and symbolizes a spirit of strength along with adaptability (Thomas and Holden 2016). The company presently employs around 6300 people from Australia and has produced more than seven million vehicles. The company is a part of the General Motors (GM), which is one of the largest automobile industries in the world since 1931. The company caters to the domestic and international clients and is an exporter of best quality engines across the globe and provides expertise in the markets as well (Holden and Risebro 2015). The operational activities of the company are located in Fishermans Bend, which deals with the manufacturing of the engine parts along with administration; the Dandenong area provides expertise in the operation of the spare parts and the Lang Lang area in Victoria along with Elizabeth in South Australia are the places where the manufacturing plants of the company are located (Ewing, Wagstaff and Powell 2013). The retail sales of Holden Australia according to the 2007 market saw an increase of 14 percent of the market share, as the company was able to sell 146,680 number of car units. The brand called Commodore alone was sold in 57,300 numbers of units and continued to be the most popular car of the Australian people for twelve years in a row. The plant that is located in Elizabeth produced a total of 107,795 numbers of units out of which the exports for the company reached to 36,354 units. Apart from this, the engine operations that are located in Victoria produced a total of 269,421 number of four and six- cylinder engines, which was exported to different places across the globe (Holden and Risebro 2015). Internal environment of the company The company was established in 1856 and shows the legacy of its brand in the Australian market. Most of the people can easily associate the brand with themselves, as it has served the community for a long period. The company provides employment opportunities to more than 6000 people, which has helped them in leading a better life and helped in increasing the economy of the country. The company is known to make minivans and Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs), which are preferred in the Australian and the entire market as well. The company also has a strong image in the Australian and the New Zealand market, which has helped them in increasing their sales and generating better revenues. The merge with General Motors has helped the company in gaining international recognition, as the company is known all around the world (Sharma and Strezov 2017). The company mainly focuses its sales on a regional basis and tries to be competitive in its home and New Zealand market. The presence in the global market and the shares in the international market for the company are negligible when compared to other manufacturers in the automobile industry. The weak presence of the company in the international has made it difficult for the company to increase their sales in those particular markets (Bunyan 2015). The model Chevrolet/ Holden Volt is one of the products of the company that will help the company in increasing its volume of sales. The company needs to capitalize this opportunity so that they can capture the international market as well. The company needs to tap the resources that are present in the Asian and the African continents. This will help the company in increasing their volume of sales. The company can also develop their cars in a better manner with the help of the parent company that is General Motors, as they can provide better insights about new models of designs to the company (Morris 2013). The shift from the fuel cars to the electric or hybrid cars, which has increased has caused a problem to the company, as they majorly deal with cars that dawns a trendy look to the customers. The Korean and the Japanese car manufacturers have established their companies in a better manner, which has caused a problem for Holden in entering in to new markets that may provide opportunities for the company. The goodwill of the brand does not have a better reach in all the geographical locations on the earth (Mutze 2017). The government of China since the inception of 2013 is creating problems with the sale of the foreign products, as it is encouraging the local people in the intake of the local products. Before 2013, it was seen that the agencies that are based locally helped in encouraging the people in purchasing foreign goods. The rules and regulations of the government have had a huge impact on the automobile industry and made it mandatory for them to follow the safety procedures. The government has imposed custom duties and regulations of trade, which are complex for the marketing procedure of the company. The government has to be given a certain sum of shares so that they can keep a check on the ongoing practices within the company along with the taxation rules (Garcia 2017). The fluctuations in the price of the fuel along with the demand of the customers that is relative in nature, as they look for solutions that are economical in nature. The company needs to conduct a thorough research of the market so that they can have a better understanding of the high-end and the hybrid cars that are plying within the country. The prices of steel are also fluctuating in the marketing, which will pose as a threat for the company in the Chinese market (Shende 2014). The company has to understand the social needs of the Chinese customers so that they can provide the customers with the choice of vehicles that may be suitable for the consumers. The company also needs to give preference to the social status of the people in China so that they can be provided with the choice of cars that they want (Kapinski et al. 2014). The technology has been advancing on a regular basis in the current market and the Chinese economy is considered to use the latest technologies that are available to them. the company needs to set up their manufacturing plants in the country and hire robots in the production process so that the units that are manufactured in the company can be increased to a great extent (Zhou et al. 2015). The business has to be set up keeping in mind the rules and regulations that are present in the country so that they are not violated. The laws of safety along with the custom laws have to be followed by the company so that they can set up their business in a proper manner. Holden is known to follow all the rules and regulations that are present in the countries and ensures that the company is under the guidance of the laws that are present in that country (Hao 2014). The company has to follow the environmental laws as well, as China is highly polluted and they need to reduce the carbon emissions so that they can operate in a successful manner. The company needs to take the environmental pledge that is the CERES Principles, which consists of ten points about the environmental guide to the business (Zhou et al. 2015). The company produces various kinds of vehicles such as sports vehicles along with luxury and fuel efficient cars. This helps the buyers, as they get a wide range for selecting their vehicles according to their purchasing power. The company tries to manufacture the products according to the demands of the customers so that it can help them in increasing their value in the local market. The company provides the cars to the customers according to the capacity of the usage of the customers. The cars that are luxurious in nature are manufactured for the elite group while the young people prefer sports cars. The middle class people are more in to cars that are fuel efficient in nature. The cars are manufactured in the range of 1500-2000cc, which extends up to 7000cc as well for the sports cars. These cars are all built according to the demand that the company has in the market place (Andre et al. 2015). The company will try to attract the all section of the customers, as the products that are being manufactured by the company will cater to the needs and preferences of all sections of the society. The cars that have a higher price will be preferred by the elite classes that are living in the country, which will act as a status for them. The middle class people will be interested in the cars that will help them in saving their costs in every month. The customers who are adventurous will try to purchase the sports cars from the company, which will help in them in providing them with a thrilling experience (Jahanshani et al. 2014). The company is trying to manufacture hybrid cars so that it can help in protecting the environment in a better manner. The SUV vehicles that the company is manufacturing will be introduced in a new and upgraded manner, which will get a makeover known as Holden Special Vehicles (HSV). This will be done with the help of the local manufacturers so that their ideas can be taken up for completing the project. The CEO of the company has stated that these cars will come in different varieties and models, which will help the customers in having their own preferences. The old varieties of the cars will be launched in a new manner so that it can provide a new design to the customers, which will help in boosting up of the sales. The company will try to provide stiff competition to Ford in the custom car market, as they are trying to enter the market with new varieties of products (Fang 2013). The company can also provide valuable services to its customers in a new manner. The company can provide free services to the high end customers along with the loyal customers if their cars break down while driving on the road. The company can provide help lines to the customers so that if any accidents that might take place can be handled in an efficient and a better way. The customers can ask for help from the company and the company will provide the customers with another car at their current location so that the customers can reach their destinations safely. This will help the company in having a better understanding with the customers and strengthen the relationships as well (Jahanshani et al. 2014). The marketing mix serves as a basic foundation for a company to understand and formulate the strategies that will help them in campaigning in a new market. The analysis of the market is based on the macro and the micro parameters, which helps in understanding the characteristics of the brand and the presence that it has over the world (Baccarellla et al. 2014). The marketing mix consists of the factors that are as follows: The product that the company needs to introduce in the market will be the cars that are compact in nature so that the traffic problems can be avoided. The cars will be produced according to the needs and preferences of the customers and according to the rules and regulations that are laid by the government. The standards of the environment need to be maintained by the company so that the products can be pliable in the new market (Du, Hu and Damangir 2015). The pricing of the cars needs to be done based on the current economic conditions so that the customers can be interested in purchasing the products. The company needs to set the prices according to the range of income of the middle class group of people so that they can afford to purchase the products. This will help the company in maintaining its equilibrium of price in the market (Raj, Sasikumar and Sriram 2013). The company needs to choose an appropriate place for launching its product so that it can help in selling of the products in a better manner. The manufacturing and assembling plants have to be located in a better environment so that the products that have been manufactured can be transported to the showrooms in an efficient manner. This will help the company in increasing its sales in the market, as the operational cost will decrease to a great extent (Colmom and Hulsmann 2014). The use of extensive advertisements has to be done by the company so that the customers can be aware of the product that that the company wants to sells in the market. The promotional activities will help the company in spreading awareness about the product among the customers. The use of newspapers and magazines along with the social media platforms will help the company in explaining the details of the products to the customers so that they can get to know about the product in a better manner. The company needs to evaluate the effectiveness of the electronic media as well, which will help them in attracting the prime time customers towards the company as well (Baccarella et al. 2014). Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded that the company needs to set up its business in the Chinese market with respect to the following criteria that has been mentioned. The right customers have to be targeted so that they can help in increasing the sale of the products for the company. The company needs to evaluate the external factors in a better manner so that they do not face any barriers while entering the market. The rules and regulations of the country have to be maintained in a better manner by the company, which will help them in setting up of the company easily. The promotional activities that will help the company in spreading awareness about the product will help in increasing the sales of the product so that the customers can get the benefit of using the product that is being manufactured by Holden. The price that will be kept by the company will be based on the average level of income that is present in the market so that the customers will be willing to try out the product, wh ich will be easy on their pockets as well. The company first needs to try the exporting method, which is that the products need to be imported from Australia so that it can help in understanding the dynamics that are present in the market. Reference List Andre, D., Kim, S.J., Lamp, P., Lux, S.F., Maglia, F., Paschos, O. and Stiaszny, B., 2015. Future generations of cathode materials: an automotive industry perspective.Journal of Materials Chemistry A,3(13), pp.6709-6732. Baccarella, C.V., Scheiner, C.W., Trefzger, T.F. and Voigt, K.I., 2014. High-tech marketing communication in the automotive industry: a content analysis of print advertisements.International Journal of Business Environment,6(4), pp.395-410. Bunyan, M., 2015. A Plan for the Future of Australian Manufacturers: Developing Management, Leadership and Innovation. Colmorn, R. and Hlsmann, M., 2014. Strategic perspectives for electric mobility: some considerations about the automotive industry. InEvolutionary Paths Towards the Mobility Patterns of the Future(pp. 155-168). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Du, R.Y., Hu, Y. and Damangir, S., 2015. Leveraging trends in online searches for product features in market response modeling.Journal of Marketing,79(1), pp.29-43. Ewing, M.T., Wagstaff, P.E. and Powell, I.H., 2013. Brand rivalry and community conflict.Journal of Business Research,66(1), pp.4-12. Fang, E.E., 2013, May. Customer participation and the trade-off between new product innovativeness and speed to market. American Marketing Association. Garcia, D.A., 2017. Analysis of non-economic barriers for the deployment of hydrogen technologies and infrastructures in European countries.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,42(10), pp.6435-6447. Hao, H., Ou, X., Du, J., Wang, H. and Ouyang, M., 2014. Chinas electric vehicle subsidy scheme: Rationale and impacts.Energy Policy,73, pp.722-732. Holden, H. and Risebro, N.H., 2015. Introduction. InFront Tracking for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws(pp. 1-51). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Jahanshani, A.A., Hajizadeh, G.M.A., Mirdhamadi, S.A., Nawaser, K. and Khaksar, S.M.S., 2014. Study the effects of customer service and product quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Kapinski, J., Deshmukh, J.V., Sankaranarayanan, S. and Arechiga, N., 2014, April. Simulation-guided lyapunov analysis for hybrid dynamical systems. InProceedings of the 17th international conference on Hybrid systems: computation and control(pp. 133-142). ACM. Morris, S., 2013. Improving energy efficient, sustainable building design and construction in Australialearning from Europe.ISS Institute, Australia. Mutze, G., 2017. Continental?scale analysis of feral cat diet in Australia, prey?switching and the risk: benefit of rabbit control.Journal of Biogeography,44(7), pp.1679-1681. Raj, M.P.M., Sasikumar, J. and Sriram, S., 2013. A Study On Customers Brand Preference in Suvs and Muvs: Effect of Marketing Mix Variables.Researchers World,4(1), p.48. Sharma, A. and Strezov, V., 2017. Life cycle environmental and economic impact assessment of alternative transport fuels and power-train technologies.Energy. Shende, V., 2014. Analysis of research in consumer behavior of automobile passenger car customer.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,4(2), p.1. Thoms, D. and Holden, L., 2016.The motor car and popular culture in the twentieth century. Routledge. Zhou, Y., Wang, M., Hao, H., Johnson, L. and Wang, H., 2015. Plug-in electric vehicle market penetration and incentives: a global review.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,20(5), pp.777-795.